ORDINANCE
Marina City 300-352 N. State Street 301-351 N. Dearborn Street
WHEREAS, pursuant to the procedures set forth in the Municipal Code of Chicago (the "Municipal Code"), Sections 2-120-630 through -690, the Commission on Chicago Landmarks (the "Commission") has determined that Marina City, located at 300-352 N. State Street and 301-351 N. Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois, legally described in Exhibit A attached hereto and incorporated herein, satisfies five (5) criteria for landmark designation as set forth in Section 2-120-620 (1), (4), (5), (6) and (7) of the Municipal Code; and
WHEREAS, Marina City is an icon of Chicago urban planning. This "city within a city" was the first of its kind to layer residential, commercial, and entertainment uses into a dense high rise complex in the center city; and
WHEREAS, Marina City was the most ambitious and forward-thinking post-war urban renewal project in Chicago in an era defined by ambitious urban renewal projects; and
WHEREAS, Bertrand Goldberg's comprehensive vision for Marina City introduced new ideas about form and structure and novel solutions for living and working in an urban environment. Although Marina City remained an anomaly for decades, its success as a dense high-rise residential development anticipated the later transformation of downtown Chicago from a nine-to-five business district to a thriving and bustling residential and commercial community. The development's use of the Chicago River as an amenity was also years ahead of its time; and
WHEREAS, at the time of its construction, Marina City was the most ambitious and innovative real estate development in the city. The project was the first planned development project in Chicago, and the first and largest federally-insured downtown housing project in the country; and
WHEREAS, Marina City was the brainchild of William Lane McFetridge, president of the Building Service Employees International Union, and real estate developer Charles Swibel. McFetridge was one of the most influential labor leaders in the Midwest after World War II, and Swibel later rose to become head of the Chicago Housing Authority. Their idea to invest union funds into middle-income housing as a way to revitalize urban centers and create more jobs for members was a significant departure from other union-funded housing projects in the country, which were built to provide low-cost housing for members; and
WHEREAS, the residential towers, theater building, and office tower within the Marina City complex are all excellent and varied examples of the Expressionist style, a stylistic reaction against the rigidities of the International Style within the context of the modern movement in architecture during the second half of the twentieth century; and ¦
WHEREAS, Marina City marks the first built-example of Bertrand Goldberg's use of the cylindrical form, which would become a hallmark of many of his subsequent designs. Goldberg's
l
design for the residential towers, which featured the repeated use of curving, petal-like shapes around a central cylindrical core, was unlike any design ever built in Chicago, and the buildings remain among the most distinctive structures in the city; and
WHEREAS, in his design for Marina City, Bertrand Goldberg pioneered the use of concrete in high-rise construction. Goldberg had attempted to create a cylindrical design using steel framing before Marina City, and was disappointed in the limitations of the material. Using concrete allowed for a more efficient and cost-effective construction of the desired form. When they were completed, the residential towers at Marina City were the tallest reinforced concrete structures in the world; and
WHEREAS, Marina City showcases Goldberg's ability to create evocative large-scale architecture that also addressed the constraints of the site and budget, the functions of each component of the development, and the needs of the people who would live and work in the complex. The cylindrical shape of the residential towers was visually striking, but it also allowed for the highest ratio of floor area to exterior skin, reducing wind loads and stresses on the building, and shortening the length of supply and return runs for the utilities. The petal-shaped plans of the apartments were designed to maximize a feeling of expanding space within very modest square footage. The rounded shape and lead sheathing of the theater building were used to improve the acoustics of the interior, all while creating a form that is as distinctive as that of the towers; and
WHEREAS, the form, materials and siting of the individual buildings at Marina City were carefully designed so that the office, residential, entertainment and parking functions work together effectively as a whole; and
WHEREAS, Bertrand Goldberg, the designer of Marina City, is a significant architect in the history of Chicago architecture, combining both technical brilliance and humanistic values in ways exemplified by his architectural designs. Marina City was Goldberg's first large-scale commission, and brought international attention to his firm; and
WHEREAS, Bertrand Goldberg possessed an exceptional understanding of materials and new building and design technologies, but also believed that these physical aspects of architecture must serve humanity; he was also an urbanist, but one who often found inspiration from structures found in nature. The fusion of these qualities led to Goldberg's highly individual buildings found in Chicago and across the nation, and is most completely exemplified in the Marina City complex; and
WHEREAS, Bertrand Goldberg was one of the few Americans who studied at the Bauhaus, an influential avant-garde art and design school in Weimar-era Germany that flourished between the two world wars. Goldberg credited his time at the Bauhaus for his interest in the human and social aspects of design and his interest in mass-produced and prefabricated structures; and
WHEREAS, in 1966, Bertrand Goldberg designed the Raymond M. Hilliard Center for the Chicago Housing Authority. This complex is regarded as one of the most socially successful public housing projects in the nation, attributed largely to Goldberg's design, which successfully balanced community amenities and the individual needs of residents; and
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WHEREAS, Marina City was a bold response to the threat of suburbanization and disinvestment in Chicago's downtown in the decades following World War II. The complex served as a microcosm of urban life within five interconnected yet distinct structures, all contained within a single 3-acre lot within the city's center; and
WHEREAS, the structures within the Marina City complex were designed to sustain one another to create what Goldberg called the "24-hour city." The residential towers provided the captive population needed to support the retail, office, and entertainment buildings, while these same spaces made living downtown feasible for the complex's residents; and
WHEREAS, Marina City remains an iconic presence in downtown Chicago nearly 50 years after its completion. The residential towers, with their distinctive shape and rhythmic pattern of curved concrete balconies, are the focal points of the complex. The complex's location along the Chicago River only serves to heighten the visual impact of the towers; and
WHEREAS, Marina City—and the residential towers, in particular—have been featured in television shows, films, advertisements, and album covers. As early as 1964, a Chicago Tribune article noted that Marina City had become a symbol for Chicago as a modern city, citing the use of its image in advertisements for everything from cars to cigarettes. This image of the buildings still resonates with many artists and designers, as well as the general public; and
WHEREAS, consistent with Section 2-120-630 of the Municipal Code, Marina City has a significant historic, community, architectural, or aesthetic interest or value, the integrity of which is preserved in light of its location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, and ability to express such historic, community, architectural, or aesthetic interest or value; now, therefore,
WHEREAS, on November 5, 2015, the Commission adopted a resolution recommending to the City Council of the City of Chicago (the "City Council") that Marina City be designated a Chicago Landmark; now, therefore,
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO:
SECTION 1. The above recitals are hereby adopted as the findings of the City Council.
SECTION 2. Marina City is hereby designated a Chicago Landmark in accordance with Section 2-120-700 of the Municipal Code.
SECTION 3. For purposes of Sections 2-120-740 and 2-120-770 of the Municipal Code governing permit review, the significant historical and architectural features of Marina City are identified as:
All exterior elevations, including rooflines, of Marina City's buildings, including the exterior of the concourse level and marina, visible from public rights-of-way and the Chicago River.
The driveways and open plaza areas between Marina City's buildings.
The one-story restaurant building located at the south east portion of Marina City and built in 1998 is not considered a significant feature for the purpose of this|1010|
landmark designation. The glass-enclosed parking attendant structure at the south end of Marina City is not original to the plaza and is also not considered a significant feature for the purpose of this landmark designation.
SECTION 4. The Commission is hereby directed to create a suitable plaque appropriately identifying Marina City as a Chicago Landmark.
SECTION 5. If any provision of this ordinance shall be held to be invalid or unenforceable for any reason, the invalidity or unenforceability of such provision shall not affect any of the other provisions of this ordinance.
SECTION 6. All ordinances, resolutions, motions or orders in conflict with this ordinance are hereby repealed to the extent of such conflict.
SECTION 7. This ordinance shall take effect upon its passage and approval.
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Department January 7,2016
of Planning and Development
city of chicago.
The Honorable Susana Mendoza City Clerk City of Chicago Room 107, City Hall 121 North LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60602
RE: Recommendation for the designation of Marina City as a Chicago Landmark District, 300-340 N. State St.; 301-351 N. Dearborn St.
Dear Clerk Mendoza:
We are filing with your office for introduction at the January 13, 2016, City Council meeting as a transmittal to the Mayor and City Council of Chicago the recommendation of the Commission on Chicago Landmarks that Marina City be designated as a Chicago Landmark District.
The material being submitted to you for this proposal includes the:
Recommendation of the Commission on Chicago Landmarks; and
Proposed Ordinance. Thank you for your cooperation in this matter. Sincerely, »
XT N
Eleanor Esser Gorski, AIA Director of Historic Preservation Historic Preservation Division Bureau of Zoning and Land Use
ends.
cc: Alderman Brendan Reilly, 42nd Ward (via email without enclosure)
121 NORTH LASALLE STREET, ROOM 1000, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60602
EXHIBIT A
Property Index Numbers (PINs) and Addresses at Marina City
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-019-0000 352 N. State Street, 329 N. Dearborn Street
17-09-410-021-0000 352 N. State Street, 329 N. Dearborn Street
17-09-410-023-0000 352 N. State Street, 329 N. Dearborn Street
17-09-410-024-0000 352 N. State Street, 329 N. Dearborn Street
17-09-410-014-1001 300 N. State Street, #2101
17-09-410-014-1002 300 N. State Street, #2102
17-09-410-014-1003 300 N. State Street, #2103
17-09-410-014-1004 300 N. State Street, #2104
17-09-410-014-1005 300 N. State Street, #2201
17-09-410-014-1006 300 N. State Street, #2202
17-09-410-014-1007 300 N. State Street, # 2203
17-09-410-014-1008 300 N. State Street, # 2204
17-09-410-014-1009 300 N. State Street, #2301
17-09-410-014-1010 300 N. State Street, # 2302
17-09-410-014-1011 300 N. State Street, #2303
17-09-410-014-1012 300 N. State Street, # 2304
17-09-410-014-1013 300 N. State Street, #2401
17-09-410-014-1014 300 N. State Street, # 2402
17-09-410-014-1015 300 N. State Street, # 2403
17-09-410-014-1016 300 N. State Street, # 2404
17-09-410-014-1017 300 N. State Street, #2501
17-09-410-014-1018 300 N. State Street, # 2502
17-09-410-014-1019 300 N. State Street, # 2503
17-09-410-014-1020 300 N. State Street, #2504
17-09-410-014-1021 300 N. State Street, #2601
17-09-410-014-1022 300 N. State Street, #2602
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1023 300 N. State Street, # 2603
17-09-410-014-1024 300 N. State Street, # 2604
17-09-410-014-1025 300 N. State Street, #2701
17-09-410-014-1026 300 N. State Street, # 2702
17-09-410-014-1027 300 N. State Street, #2703
17-09-410-014-1028 300 N. State Street, # 2704
17-09-410-014-1029 300 N. State Street, # 2801
17-09-410-014-1030 300 N. State Street, # 2802
17-09-410-014-1031 300 N. State Street, #2803
17-09-410-014-1032 300 N. State Street, #2804
17-09-410-014-1033 300 N. State Street, #2901
17-09-410-014-1034 300 N. State Street, # 2902
17-09-410-014-1035 300 N. State Street, # 2903
17-09-410-014-1036 300 N. State Street, # 2904
17-09-410-014-1037 300 N. State Street, #3001
17-09-410-014-1038 300 N. State Street, # 3002
17-09-410-014-1039 300 N. State Street, # 3003
17-09-410-014-1040 300 N. State Street, # 3004
17-09-410-014-1041 300 N. State Street, #3101
17-09-410-014-1042 300 N. State Street, #3102
17-09-410-014-1043 300 N. State Street, #3103
17-09-410-014-1044 300 N. State Street, #3104
17-09-410-014-1045 300 N. State Street, # 3201
17-09-410-014-1046 300 N. State Street, # 3202
17-09-410-014-1047 300 N. State Street, # 3203
17-09-410-014-1048 300 N. State Street, # 3204
17-09-410-014-1049 300 N. State Street, # 3301
17-09-410-014-1050 300 N. State Street, # 3302
17-09-410-014-1051 300 N. State Street, # 3303
permanent Index Number (PIN)
17-09-410-014-1052
17-09-410-014-1053
17-09-410-014-1054
17-09-410-014-1055
17-09-410-014-1056
17-09-410-014-1057
17-09-410-014-1058
17-09-410-014-1059
17-09-410-014-1060
17-09-410-014-1061
17-09-410-014-1062
17-09-410-014-1063
17-09-410-014-1064
17-09-410-014-1065
17-09-410-014-1066
17-09-410-014-1067
17-09-410-014-1068
17-09-410-014-1069
17-09-410-014-1070
17-09-410-014-1071
17-09-410-014-1072
17-09-410-014-1073
17-09-410-014-1074
17-09-410-014-1075
17-09-410-014-1076
17-09-410-014-1077
17-09-410-014-1078
17-09-410-014-1079
17-09-410-014-1080
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1081 300 N. State Street, #4101
17-09-410-014-1082 300 N. State Street, #4102
17-09-410-014-1083 300 N. State Street, #4103
17-09-410-014-1084 300 N. State Street, #4104
17-09-410-014-1085 300 N. State Street, #4201
17-09-410-014-1086 300 N. State Street, #4202
17-09-410-014-1087 300 N. State Street, # 4203
17-09-410-014-1088 300 N. State Street, #4204
17-09-410-014-1089 300 N. State Street, #4301
17-09-410-014-1090 300 N. State Street, #4302
17-09-410-014-1091 300 N. State Street, # 4303
17-09-410-014-1092 300 N. State Street, # 4304
17-09-410-014-1093 300 N. State Street, #4401
17-09-410-014-1094 300 N. State Street, #4402
17-09-410-014-1095 300 N. State Street, #4403
17-09-410-014-1096 300 N. State Street, #4404
17-09-410-014-1097 300 N. State Street, #4501
17-09-410-014-1098 300 N. State Street, #4502
17-09-410-014-1099 300 N. State Street, #4503
17-09-410-014-1100 300 N. State Street, #4504
17-09-410-014-1101 300 N. State Street, #4601
17-09-410-014-1102 300 N. State Street, #4602
17-09-410-014-1103 300 N. State Street, #4603
17-09-410-014-1104 300 N. State Street, #4604
17-09-410-014-1105 300 N. State Street, #4701
17-09-410-014-1106 300 N. State Street, #4702
17-09-410-014-1107 300 N. State Street, # 4703
17-09-410-014-1108 300 N. State Street, #4704
17-09-410-014-1109 300 N. State Street, #4801
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1110 300 N. State Street, #4802
17-09-410-014-1111 300 N. State Street, #4803
17-09-410-014-1112 300 N. State Street, #4804
17-09-410-014-1113 300 N. State Street, #4901
17-09-410-014-1114 300 N. State Street, #4902
17-09-410-014-1115 300 N. State Street, #4903
17-09-410-014-1116 300 N. State Street, # 4904
17-09-410-014-1117 300 N. State Street, # 5001
17-09-410-014-1118 300 N. State Street, # 5002
17-09-410-014-1119 300 N. State Street, # 5003
17-09-410-014-1120 300 N. State Street, # 5004
17-09-410-014-1121 300 N. State Street, #5101
17-09-410-014-1122 300 N. State Street, #5102
17-09-410-014-1123 300 N. State Street, #5103
17-09-410-014-1124 300 N. State Street, #5104
17-09-410-014-1125 300 N. State Street, # 5201
17-09-410-014-1126 300 N. State Street, # 5202
17-09-410-014-1127 300 N. State Street, # 5203
17-09-410-014-1128 300 N. State Street, # 5204
17-09-410-014-1129 300 N. State Street, #2105
17-09-410-014-1130 300 N. State Street, #2106
17-09-410-014-1131 300 N. State Street, #2107
17-09-410-014-1132 300 N. State Street, #2108
17-09-410-014-1133 300 N. State Street, #2109
17-09-410-014-1134 300 N. State Street, #2110
17-09-410-014-1135 300 N. State Street, #2111
17-09-410-014-1136 300 N. State Street, #2112
17-09-410-014-1136 300 N. State Street, #2112
17-09-410-014-1136 300 N. State Street, #2112
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1137 300 N. State Street, #2205
17-09-410-014-1138 300 N. State Street, # 2206
17-09-410-014-1139 300 N. State Street, # 2207
17-09-410-014-1140 300 N. State Street, #2208
17-09-410-014-1141 300 N. State Street, #2209
17-09-410-014-1142 300 N. State Street, #2210
17-09-410-014-1143 300 N. State Street, #2211
17-09-410-014-1144 300 N. State Street, #2212
17-09-410-014-1145 300 N. State Street, # 2305
17-09-410-014-1146 300 N. State Street, # 2306
17-09-410-014-1147 300 N. State Street, #2307
17-09-410-014-1148 300 N. State Street, #2308
17-09-410-014-1149 300 N. State Street, # 2309
17-09-410-014-1150 300 N. State Street, #2310
17-09-410-014-1151 300 N. State Street, #2311
17-09-410-014-1152 300 N. State Street, #2312
17-09-410-014-1153 300 N. State Street, # 2405
17-09-410-014-1154 300 N. State Street, #2406
17-09-410-014-1155 300 N. State Street, # 2407
17-09-410-014-1156 300 N. State Street, #2408
17-09-410-014-1157 300 N. State Street, #2409
17-09-410-014-1158 300 N. State Street, #2410
17-09-410-014-1159 300 N. State Street, #2411
17-09-410-014-1160 300 N. State Street, #2412
17-09-410-014-1161 300 N. State Street, # 2505
17-09-410-014-1162 300 N. State Street, #2506
17-09-410-014-1163 300 N. State Street, #2507
17-09-410-014-1164 300 N. State Street, # 2508
17-09-410-014-1165 300 N. State Street, # 2509
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1166 300 N. State Street, #2510
17-09-410-014-1167 300 N. State Street, #2511
17-09-410-014-1168 300 N. State Street, #2512
17-09-410-014-1169 300 N. State Street, # 2605
17-09-410-014-1170 300 N. State Street, # 2606
17-09-410-014-1171 300 N. State Street, # 2607
17-09-410-014-1172 300 N. State Street, #2608
17-09-410-014-1173 300 N. State Street, #2609
17-09-410-014-1174 300 N. State Street, #2610
17-09-410-014-1175 300 N. State Street, #2611
17-09-410-014-1176 300 N. State Street, #2612
17-09-410-014-1177 300 N. State Street, #2705
17-09-410-014-1178 300 N. State Street, # 2706
17-09-410-014-1179 300 N. State Street, #2707
17-09-410-014-1180 300 N. State Street, #2708
17-09-410-014-1181 300 N. State Street, #2709
17-09-410-014-1182 300 N. State Street, #2710
17-09-410-014-1183 300 N. State Street, #2711
17-09-410-014-1184 300 N. State Street, #2712
17-09-410-014-1185 300 N. State Street, # 2805
17-09-410-014-1186 300 N. State Street, #2806
17-09-410-014-1187 300 N. State Street, #2807
17-09-410-014-1188 300 N. State Street, # 2808
17-09-410-014-1189 300 N. State Street, # 2809
17-09-410-014-1190 300 N. State Street, #2810
17-09-410-014-1191 300 N. State Street, #2811
17-09-410-014-1192 300 N. State Street, #2812
17-09-410-014-1193 300 N. State Street, # 2905
17-09-410-014-1194 300 N. State Street, # 2906
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1195 300 N. State Street, #2907
17-09-410-014-1196 300 N. State Street, # 2908
17-09-410-014-1197 300 N. State Street, # 2909
17-09-410-014-1198 300 N. State Street, #2910
17-09-410-014-1199 300 N. State Street, #2911
17-09-410-014-1200 300 N. State Street, #2912
17-09-410-014-1201 300 N. State Street, #3005
17-09-410-014-1202 300 N. State Street, # 3006
17-09-410-014-1203 300 N. State Street, # 3007
17-09-410-014-1204 300 N. State Street, # 3008
17-09-410-014-1205 300 N. State Street, # 3009
17-09-410-014-1206 300 N. State Street, #3010
17-09-410-014-1207 300 N. State Street, # 3011
17-09-410-014-1208 300 N. State Street, #3012
17-09-410-014-1209 300 N. State Street, #3105
17-09-410-014-1210 300 N. State Street, #3106
17-09-410-014-1211 300 N. State Street, #3107
17-09-410-014-1212 300 N. State Street, #3108
17-09-410-014-1213 300 N. State Street, #3109
17-09-410-014-1214 300 N. State Street, #3110
17-09-410-014-1215 300 N. State Street, #3111
17-09-410-014-1216 300 N. State Street, #3112
17-09-410-014-1217 300 N. State Street, # 3205
17-09-410-014-1218 300 N. State Street, #3206
17-09-410-014-1219 300 N. State Street, # 3207
17-09-410-014-1220 300 N. State Street, # 3208
17-09-410-014-1221 300 N. State Street, # 3209
17-09-410-014-1222 300 N. State Street, #3210
17-09-410-014-1223 300 N. State Street, #3211
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1224 300 N. State Street, #3212
17-09-410-014-1225 300 N. State Street, # 3305
17-09-410-014-1226 300 N. State Street, # 3306
17-09-410-014-1227 300 N. State Street, # 3307
17-09-410-014-1228 300 N. State Street, # 3308
17-09-410-014-1229 300 N. State Street, # 3309
17-09-410-014-1230 300 N. State Street, #3310
17-09-410-014-1231 300 N. State Street, #3311
17-09-410-014-1232 300 N. State Street, #3312
17-09-410-014-1233 300 N. State Street, # 3405
17-09-410-014-1234 300 N. State Street, # 3406
17-09-410-014-1235 300 N. State Street, # 3407
17-09-410-014-1236 300 N. State Street, # 3408
17-09-410-014-1237 300 N. State Street, #3409
17-09-410-014-1238 300 N. State Street, # 3410
17-09-410-014-1239 300 N. State Street, #3411
17-09-410-014-1240 300 N. State Street, #3412
17-09-410-014-1241 300 N. State Street, # 3505
17-09-410-014-1242 300 N. State Street, # 3506
17-09-410-014-1243 300 N. State Street, # 3507
17-09-410-014-1244 300 N. State Street, # 3508
17-09-410-014-1245 300 N. State Street, #3509
17-09-410-014-1246 300 N. State Street, #3510
17-09-410-014-1247 300 N. State Street, #3511
17-09-410-014-1248 300 N. State Street, #3512
17-09-410-014-1249 300 N. State Street, # 3605
17-09-410-014-1250 300 N. State Street, #3606
17-09-410-014-1251 300 N. State Street, # 3607
17-09-410-014-1252 300 N. State Street, # 3608
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1253 300 N. State Street, # 3609
17-09-410-014-1254 300 N. State Street, # 3610
17-09-410-014-1255 300 N. State Street, #3611
17-09-410-014-1256 300 N. State Street, #3612
17-09-410-014-1257 300 N. State Street, # 3705
17-09-410-014-1258 300 N. State Street, # 3706
17-09-410-014-1259 300 N. State Street, # 3707
17-09-410-014-1260 300 N. State Street, # 3708
17-09-410-014-1261 300 N. State Street, #3709
17-09-410-014-1262 300 N. State Street, #3710
17-09-410-014-1263 300 N. State Street, #3711
17-09-410-014-1264 300 N. State Street, #3712
17-09-410-014-1265 300 N. State Street, # 3805
17-09-410-014-1266 300 N. State Street, #3806
17-09-410-014-1267 300 N. State Street, # 3807
17-09-410-014-1268 300 N. State Street, # 3808
17-09-410-014-1269 300 N. State Street, # 3809
17-09-410-014-1270 300 N. State Street, #3810
17-09-410-014-1271 300 N. State Street, # 3811
17-09-410-014-1272 300 N. State Street, #3812
17-09-410-014-1273 300 N. State Street, # 3905
17-09-410-014-1274 300 N. State Street, # 3906
17-09-410-014-1275 300 N. State Street, # 3907
17-09-410-014-1276 300 N. State Street, # 3908
17-09-410-014-1277 300 N. State Street, # 3909
17-09-410-014-1278 300 N. State Street, #3910
17-09-410-014-1279 300 N. State Street, #3911
17-09-410-014-1280 300 N. State Street, #3912
17-09-410-014-1281 300 N. State Street, #4005
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1282 300 N. State Street, #4006
17-09-410-014-1283 300 N. State Street, #4007
17-09-410-014-1284 300 N. State Street, #4008
17-09-410-014-1285 300 N. State Street, #4009
17-09-410-014-1286 300 N. State Street, #4010
17-09-410-014-1287 300 N. State Street, #4011
17-09-410-014-1288 300 N. State Street, #4012
17-09-410-014-1289 300 N. State Street, #4105
17-09-410-014-1290 300 N. State Street, #4106
17-09-410-014-1291 300 N. State Street, #4107
17-09-410-014-1292 300 N. State Street, #4108
17-09-410-014-1293 300 N. State Street, #4109
17-09-410-014-1294 300 N. State Street, #4110
17-09-410-014-1295 300 N. State Street, #4111
17-09-410-014-1296 300 N. State Street, #4112
17-09-410-014-1297 300 N. State Street, #4205
17-09-410-014-1298 ' 300 N. State Street, #4206
17-09-410-014-1299 300 N. State Street, #4207
17-09-410-014-1300 300 N. State Street, #4208
17-09-410-014-1301 300 N. State Street, # 4209
17-09-410-014-1302 . 300 N. State Street, #4210
17-09-410-014-1303 300 N. State Street, #4211
17-09-410-014-1304 300 N. State Street, #4212
17-09-410-014-1305 300 N. State Street, #4305
17-09-410-014-1306 300 N. State Street, #4306
17-09-410-014-1307 300 N. State Street, #4307
17-09-410-014-1308 300 N. State Street, #4308
17-09-410-014-1309 300 N. State Street, #4309
17-09-410-014-1310 300 N. State Street, #4310
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1311 300 N. State Street, #4311
17-09-410-014-1312 300 N. State Street, #4312
17-09-410-014-1313 300 N. State Street, #4405
17-09-410-014-1314 300 N. State Street, # 4406
17-09-410-014-1315 300 N. State Street, #4407
17-09-410-014-1316 300 N. State Street, # 4408
17-09-410-014-1317 300 N. State Street, #4409
17-09-410-014-1318 300 N. State Street, #4410
17-09-410-014-1319 300 N. State Street, #4411
17-09-410-014-1320 300 N. State Street, #4412
17-09-410-014-1321 300 N. State Street, # 4505
17-09-410-014-1322 300 N. State Street, # 4506
17-09-410-014-1323 300 N. State Street, # 4507
17-09-410-014-1324 300 N. State Street, #4508
17-09-410-014-1325 300 N. State Street, #4509
17-09-410-014-1326 300 N. State Street, #4510
17-09-410-014-1327 300 N. State Street, # 4511
17-09-410-014-1328 300 N. State Street, #4512
17-09-410-014-1329 300 N. State Street, #4605
17-09-410-014-1330 300 N. State Street, #4606
17-09-410-014-1331 300 N. State Street, #4607
17-09-410-014-1332 300 N. State Street, # 4608
17-09-410-014-1333 300 N. State Street, #4609
17-09-410-014-1334 300 N. State Street, #4610
17-09-410-014-1335 300 N. State Street, #4611
17-09-410-014-1336 300 N. State Street, #4612
17-09-410-014-1337 300 N. State Street, #4705
17-09-410-014-1338 300 N. State Street, #4706
17-09-410-014-1339 300 N. State Street, #4707
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1340 300 N. State Street, # 4708
17-09-410-014-1341 300 N. State Street, # 4709
17-09-410-014-1342 300 N. State Street, #4710
17-09-410-014-1343 300 N. State Street, #4711
17-09-410-014-1344 300 N. State Street, #4712
17-09-410-014-1345 300 N. State Street, # 4805
17-09-410-014-1346 300 N. State Street, #4806
17-09-410-014-1347 300 N. State Street, #4807
17-09-410-014-1348 300 N. State Street, # 4808
17-09-410-014-1349 300 N. State Street, # 4809
17-09-410-014-1350 300 N. State Street, #4810
17-09-410-014-1351 300 N. State Street, # 4811
17-09-410-014-1352 300 N. State Street, #4812
17-09-410-014-1353 300 N. State Street, #4905
17-09-410-014-1354 300 N. State Street, #4906
17-09-410-014-1355 300 N. State Street, # 4907
17-09-410-014-1356 300 N. State Street, # 4908
17-09-410-014-1357 300 N. State Street, # 4909
17-09-410-014-1358 300 N. State Street, #4910
17-09-410-014-1359 300 N. State Street, #4911
17-09-410-014-1360 300 N. State Street, #4912
17-09-410-014-1361 300 N. State Street, # 5005
17-09-410-014-1362 300 N. State Street, # 5006
17-09-410-014-1363 300 N. State Street, # 5007
17-09-410-014-1364 300 N. State Street, # 5008
17-09-410-014-1365 300 N. State Street, # 5009
17-09-410-014-1366 300 N. State Street, #5010
17-09-410-014-1367 300 N. State Street, # 5011
17-09-410-014-1368 300 N. State Street, #5012
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1369 300 N. State Street, #5105
17-09-410-014-1370 300 N. State Street, #5106
17-09-410-014-1371 300 N. State Street, #5107
17-09-410-014-1372 300 N. State Street, #5108
17-09-410-014-1373 300 N. State Street, #5109
17-09-410-014-1374 300 N. State Street, #5110
17-09-410-014-1375 300 N. State Street, #5111
17-09-410-014-1376 300 N. State Street, #5112
17-09-410-014-1377 300 N. State Street, # 5205
17-09-410-014-1378 300 N. State Street, # 5206
17-09-410-014-1379 300 N. State Street, # 5207
17-09-410-014-1380 300 N. State Street, # 5208
17-09-410-014-1381 300 N. State Street, # 5209
17-09-410-014-1382 300 N. State Street, #5210
17-09-410-014-1383 300 N. State Street, #5211
17-09-410-014-1384 300 N. State Street, #5212
17-09-410-014-1385 300 N. State Street, # 5301
17-09-410-014-1386 300 N. State Street, # 5302
17-09-410-014-1387 300 N. State Street, # 5303
17-09-410-014-1388 300 N. State Street, # 5304
17-09-410-014-1389 300 N. State Street, # 5401
17-09-410-014-1390 300 N. State Street, # 5402
17-09-410-014-1391 300 N. State Street, # 5403
17-09-410-014-1392 300 N. State Street, # 5404
17-09-410-014-1393 300 N. State Street, #5501
17-09-410-014-1394 300 N. State Street, # 5502
17-09-410-014-1395 300 N. State Street, # 5503
17-09-410-014-1396 300 N. State Street, # 5504
17-09-410-014-1397 300 N. State Street, # 5601
permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1398 300 N. State Street, # 5602
17-09-410-014-1399 300 N. State Street, # 5603
17-09-410-014-1400 300 N. State Street, # 5604
17-09-410-014-1401 300 N. State Street, # 5701
17-09-410-014-1402 300 N. State Street, # 5702
17-09-410-014-1403 300 N. State Street, # 5703
17-09-410-014-1404 300 N. State Street, #5704
17-09-410-014-1405 300 N. State Street, #5801
17-09-410-014-1406 300 N. State Street, # 5802
17-09-410-014-1407 300 N. State Street, # 5803
17-09-410-014-1408 300 N. State Street, # 5804
17-09-410-014-1409 300 N. State Street, # 5901
17-09-410-014-1410 300 N. State Street, # 5902
17-09-410-014-1411 300 N. State Street, #5903
17-09-410-014-1412 300 N. State Street, # 5904
17-09-410-014-1413 300 N. State Street, # 6001
17-09-410-014-1414 300 N. State Street, #6002
17-09-410-014-1415 300 N. State Street, # 6003
17-09-410-014-1416 300 N. State Street, #6004
17-09-410-014-1417 300 N. State Street, # 5305
17-09-410-014-1418 300 N. State Street, # 5306
17-09-410-014-1419 300 N. State Street, # 5307
17-09-410-014-1420 300 N. State Street, # 5308
17-09-410-014-1421 300 N. State Street, # 5405
17-09-410-014-1422 300 N. State Street, # 5406
17-09-410-014-1423 300 N. State Street, # 5407
17-09-410-014-1424 300 N. State Street, # 5408
17-09-410-014-1425 300 N. State Street, # 5505
17-09-410-014-1426 300 N. State Street, # 5506
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1427 300 N. State Street, # 5507
17-09-410-014-1428 300 N. State Street, # 5508
17-09-410-014-1429 300 N. State Street, # 5605
17-09-410-014-1430 300 N. State Street, # 5606
17-09-410-014-1431 300 N. State Street, # 5607
17-09-410-014-1432 300 N. State Street, # 5608
17-09-410-014-1433 300 N. State Street, #5705
17-09-410-014-1434 300 N. State Street, # 5706
17-09-410-014-1435 300 N. State Street, #5707
17-09-410-014-1436 300 N. State Street, # 5708
17-09-410-014-1437 300 N. State Street, #5805
17-09-410-014-1438 300 N. State Street, # 5806
17-09-410-014-1439 300 N. State Street, # 5807
17-09-410-014-1440 300 N. State Street, # 5808
17-09-410-014-1441 300 N. State Street, # 5905
17-09-410-014-1442 300 N. State Street, # 5906
17-09-410-014-1443 300 N. State Street, # 5907
17-09-410-014-1444 300 N. State Street, # 5908
17-09-410-014-1445 300 N. State Street, # 6005
17-09-410-014-1446 300 N. State Street, #6006
17-09-410-014-1447 300 N. State Street, #6007
17-09-410-014-1448 300 N. State Street, # 6008
17-09-410-014-1449 300 N. State Street, #2124
17-09-410-014-1450 300 N. State Street, #2125
17-09-410-014-1451 300 N. State Street, #2126
17-09-410-014-1452 300 N. State Street, #2127
17-09-410-014-1453 300 N. State Street, #2224
17-09-410-014-1454 300 N. State Street, #2225
17-09-410-014-1455 300 N. State Street, # 2226
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1456 300 N. State Street, #2227
17-09-410-014-1457 300 N. State Street, #2324
17-09-410-014-1458 300 N. State Street, #2325
17-09-410-014-1459 300 N. State Street, #2326
17-09-410-014-1460 300 N. State Street, #2327
17-09-410-014-1461 300 N. State Street, # 2424
17-09-410-014-1462 300 N. State Street, #2425
17-09-410-014-1463 300 N. State Street, # 2426
17-09-410-014-1464 300 N. State Street, # 2427
17-09-410-014-1465 300 N. State Street, # 2524
17-09-410-014-1466 300 N. State Street, # 2525
17-09-410-014-1467 300 N. State Street, #2526
17-09-410-014-1468 300 N. State Street, #2527
17-09-410-014-1469 300 N. State Street, #2624
17-09-410-014-1470 300 N. State Street, #2625
17-09-410-014-1471 300 N. State Street, # 2626
17-09-410-014-1472 300 N. State Street, #2627
17-09-410-014-1473 300 N. State Street, # 2724
17-09-410-014-1474 300 N. State Street, #2725
17-09-410-014-1475 300 N. State Street, # 2726
17-09-410-014-1476 300 N. State Street, #2727
17-09-410-014-1477 300 N. State Street, #2824
17-09-410-014-1478 300 N. State Street, # 2825
17-09-410-014-1479 300 N. State Street, #2826
17-09-410-014-1480 300 N. State Street, #2827
17-09-410-014-1481 300 N. State Street, #2924
17-09-410-014-1482 300 N. State Street, # 2925
17-09-410-014-1483 300 N. State Street, #2926
17-09-410-014-1484 300 N. State Street, #2927
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1485 300 N. State Street, # 3024
17-09-410-014-1486 300 N. State Street, # 3025
17-09-410-014-1487 300 N. State Street, # 3026
17-09-410-014-1488 300 N. State Street, # 3027
17-09-410-014-1489 300 N. State Street, #3124
17-09-410-014-1490 300 N. State Street, #3125
17-09-410-014-1491 300 N. State Street, #3126
17-09-410-014-1492 300 N. State Street, #3127
17-09-410-014-1493 300 N. State Street, # 3224
17-09-410-014-1494 300 N. State Street, # 3225
17-09-410-014-1495 300 N. State Street, #3226
17-09-410-014-1496 300 N. State Street, #3227
17-09-410-014-1497 300 N. State Street, #3324
17-09-410-014-1498 300 N. State Street, # 3325
17-09-410-014-1499 300 N. State Street, # 3326
17-09-410-014-1500 300 N. State Street, # 3327
17-09-410-014-1501 300 N. State Street, #3424
17-09-410-014-1502 300 N. State Street, # 3425
17-09-410-014-1503 300 N. State Street, #3426
17-09-410-014-1504 300 N. State Street, # 3427
17-09-410-014-1505 300 N. State Street, # 3524
17-09-410-014-1506 300 N. State Street, # 3525
17-09-410-014-1507 300 N. State Street, # 3526
17-09-410-014-1508 300 N. State Street, # 3527
17-09-410-014-1509 300 N. State Street, # 3624
17-09-410-014-1510 300 N. State Street, # 3625
17-09-410-014-1511 300 N. State Street, # 3626
17-09-410-014-1512 300 N. State Street, # 3627
17-09-410-014-1513 300 N. State Street, # 3724
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1514 300 N. State Street, # 3725
17-09-410-014-1515 300 N. State Street, # 3726
17-09-410-014-1516 300 N. State Street, # 3727
17-09-410-014-1517 300 N. State Street, # 3824
17-09-410-014-1518 300 N. State Street, # 3825
17-09-410-014-1519 300 N. State Street, # 3826
17-09-410-014-1520 300 N. State Street, # 3827
17-09-410-014-1521 300 N. State Street, # 3924
17-09-410-014-1522 300 N. State Street, # 3925
17-09-410-014-1523 300 N. State Street, # 3926
17-09-410-014-1524 300 N. State Street, # 3927
17-09-410-014-1525 300 N. State Street, #4024
17-09-410-014-1526 300 N. State Street, # 4025
17-09-410-014-1527 300 N. State Street, #4026
17-09-410-014-1528 300 N. State Street, #4027
17-09-410-014-1529 300 N. State Street, #4124
17-09-410-014-1530 300 N. State Street, #4125
17-09-410-014-1531 300 N. State Street, #4126
17-09-410-014-1532 300 N. State Street, #4127
17-09-410-014-1533 300 N. State Street, #4224
17-09-410-014-1534 300 N. State Street, #4225
17-09-410-014-1535 300 N. State Street, # 4226
17-09-410-014-1536 300 N. State Street, # 4227
17-09-410-014-1537 300 N. State Street, #4324
17-09-410-014-1538 300 N. State Street, # 4325
17-09-410-014-1539 300 N. State Street, # 4326
17-09-410-014-1540 300 N. State Street, # 4327
17-09-410-014-1541 300 N. State Street, #4424
17-09-410-014-1542 300 N. State Street, #4425
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1543 300 N. State Street, #4426
17-09-410-014-1544 300 N. State Street, # 4427
17-09-410-014-1545 300 N. State Street, #4524
17-09-410-014-1546 300 N. State Street, # 4525
17-09-410-014-1547 300 N. State Street, # 4526
17-09-410-014-1548 300 N. State Street, # 4527
17-09-410-014-1549 300 N. State Street, #4624
17-09-410-014-1550 300 N. State Street, #4625
17-09-410-014-1551 300 N. State Street, # 4626
17-09-410-014-1552 300 N. State Street, #4627
17-09-410-014-1553 300 N. State Street, #4724
17-09-410-014-1554 300 N. State Street, #4725
17-09-410-014-1555 300 N. State Street, #4726
17-09-410-014-1556 300 N. State Street, #4727
17-09-410-014-1557 300 N. State Street, #4824
17-09-410-014-1558 300 N. State Street, #4825
17-09-410-014-1559 300 N. State Street, #4826
17-09-410-014-1560 300 N. State Street, #4827
17-09-410-014-1561 300 N. State Street, #4924
17-09-410-014-1562 300 N. State Street, #4925
17-09-410-014-1563 300 N. State Street, #4926
17-09-410-014-1564 300 N. State Street, #4927
17-09-410-014-1565 300 N. State Street, # 5024
17-09-410-014-1566 300 N. State Street, # 5025
17-09-410-014-1567 300 N. State Street, # 5026
17-09-410-014-1568 300 N. State Street, #5027
17-09-410-014-1569 300 N, State Street, #5124
17-09-410-014-1570 300 N. State Street, #5125
17-09-410-014-1571 300 N. State Street, #5126
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1572 300 N. State Street, #5127
17-09-410-014-1573 300 N. State Street, #5224
17-09-410-014-1574 300 N. State Street, # 5225
17-09-410-014-1575 300 N. State Street, #5226
17-09-410-014-1576 300 N. State Street, # 5227
17-09-410-014-1577 300 N. State Street, #2128
17-09-410-014-1578 300 N. State Street, #2129
17-09-410-014-1579 300 N. State Street, #2130
17-09-410-014-1580 300 N. State Street, #2131
17-09-410-014-1581 300 N. State Street, #2132
17-09-410-014-1582 300 N. State Street, #2133
17-09-410-014-1583 300 N. State Street, #2134
17-09-410-014-1584 300 N. State Street, #2135
17-09-410-014-1585 300 N. State Street, # 2228
17-09-410-014-1586 300 N. State Street, # 2229
17-09-410-014-1587 300 N. State Street, # 2230
17-09-410-014-1588 300 N. State Street, #2231
17-09-410-014-1589 300 N. State Street, # 2232
17-09-410-014-1590 300 N. State Street, # 2233
17-09-410-014-1591 300 N. State Street, # 2234
17-09-410-014-1592 300 N. State Street, # 2235
17-09-410-014-1593 300 N. State Street, # 2328
17-09-410-014-1594 300 N. State Street, #2329
17-09-410-014-1595 300 N. State Street, # 2330
17-09-410-014-1596 300 N. State Street, # 2331
17-09-410-014-1597 300 N. State Street, #2332
17-09-410-014-1598 300 N. State Street, # 2333
17-09-410-014-1599 300 N. State Street, #2334
17-09-410-014-1600 300 N. State Street, # 2335
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1601 300 N. State Street, #2428
17-09-410-014-1602 300 N. State Street, # 2429
17-09-410-014-1603 300 N. State Street, # 2430
17-09-410-014-1604 300 N. State Street, #2431
17-09-410-014-1605 300 N. State Street, # 2432
17-09-410-014-1606 300 N. State Street, # 2433
17-09-410-014-1607 300 N. State Street, #2434
17-09-410-014-1608 300 N. State Street, # 2435
17-09-410-014-1609 300 N. State Street, # 2528
17-09-410-014-1610 300 N. State Street, # 2529
17-09-410-014-1611 300 N. State Street, # 2530
17-09-410-014-1612 300 N. State Street, #2531
17-09-410-014-1613 300 N. State Street, # 2532
17-09-410-014-1614 300 N. State Street, #2533
17-09-410-014-1615 300 N. State Street, # 2534
17-09-410-014-1616 300 N. State Street, # 2535
17-09-410-014-1617 300 N. State Street, # 2628
17-09-410-014-1618 300 N. State Street, # 2629
17-09-410-014-1619 300 N. State Street, #2630
17-09-410-014-1620 300 N. State Street, #2631
17-09-410-014-1621 300 N. State Street, # 2632
17-09-410-014-1622 300 N. State Street, # 2633
17-09-410-014-1623 300 N. State Street, # 2634
17-09-410-014-1624 300 N. State Street, # 2635
17-09-410-014-1625 300 N. State Street, # 2728
17-09-410-014-1626 300 N. State Street, # 2729
17-09-410-014-1627 300 N. State Street, #2730
17-09-410-014-1628 300 N. State Street, #2731
17-09-410-014-1629 300 N. State Street, # 2732
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1630 300 N. State Street, #2733
17-09-410-014-1631 300 N. State Street, # 2734
17-09-410-014-1632 300 N. State Street, #2735
17-09-410-014-1633 300 N. State Street, #2828
17-09-410-014-1634 300 N. State Street, #2829
17-09-410-014-1635 300 N. State Street, # 2830
17-09-410-014-1636 300 N. State Street, #2831
17-09-410-014-1637 300 N. State Street, # 2832
17-09-410-014-1638 300 N. State Street, # 2833
17-09-410-014-1639 300 N. State Street, # 2834
17-09-410-014-1640 300 N. State Street, # 2835
17-09-410-014-1641 300 N. State Street, #2928
17-09-410-014-1642 300 N. State Street, # 2929
17-09-410-014-1643 300 N. State Street, #2930
17-09-410-014-1644 300 N. State Street, # 2931
17-09-410-014-1645 300 N. State Street, # 2932
17-09-410-014-1646 300 N. State Street, #2933
17-09-410-014-1647 300 N. State Street, # 2934
17-09-410-014-1648 300 N. State Street, #2935
17-09-410-014-1649 300 N. State Street, #3028
17-09-410-014-1650 300 N. State Street, # 3029
17-09-410-014-1651 300 N. State Street, # 3030
17-09-410-014-1652 300 N. State Street, #3031
17-09-410-014-1653 300 N. State Street, # 3032
17-09-410-014-1654 300 N. State Street, # 3033
17-09-410-014-1655 300 N. State Street, # 3034
17-09-410-014-1656 300 N. State Street, # 3035
17-09-410-014-1657 300 N. State Street, #3128
17-09-410-014-1658 300 N. State Street, #3129
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1659 300 N. State Street, #3130
17-09-410-014-1660 300 N. State Street, #3131
17-09-410-014-1661 300 N. State Street, #3132
17-09-410-014-1662 300 N. State Street, #3133
17-09-410-014-1663 300 N. State Street, #3134
17-09-410-014-1664 300 N. State Street, #3135
17-09-410-014-1665 300 N. State Street, # 3228
17-09-410-014-1666 300 N. State Street, #3229
17-09-410-014-1667 300 N. State Street, #3230
17-09-410-014-1668 300 N. State Street, # 3231
17-09-410-014-1669 300 N. State Street, # 3232
17-09-410-014-1670 300 N. State Street, # 3233
17-09-410-014-1671 300 N. State Street, # 3234
17-09-410-014-1672 300 N. State Street, # 3235
17-09-410-014-1673 300 N. State Street, # 3328
17-09-410-014-1674 300 N. State Street, # 3329
17-09-410-014-1675 300 N. State Street, # 3330
17-09-410-014-1676 300 N. State Street, #3331
17-09-410-014-1677 300 N. State Street, #3332
17-09-410-014-1678 300 N. State Street, # 3333
17-09-410-014-1679 300 N. State Street, #3334
17-09-410-014-1680 300 N. State Street, #3335
17-09-410-014-1681 300 N. State Street, #3428
17-09-410-014-1682 300 N. State Street, # 3429
17-09-410-014-1683 300 N. State Street, # 3430
17-09-410-014-1684 300 N. State Street, # 3431
17-09-410-014-1685 300 N. State Street, # 3432
17-09-410-014-1686 300 N. State Street, # 3433
17-09-410-014-1687 300 N. State Street, # 3434
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1688 300 N. State Street, # 3435
17-09-410-014-1689 300 N. State Street, # 3528
17-09-410-014-1690 300 N. State Street, # 3529
17-09-410-014-1691 300 N. State Street, # 3530
17-09-410-014-1692 300 N. State Street, # 3531
17-09-410-014-1693 300 N. State Street, # 3532
17-09-410-014-1694 300 N. State Street, #3533
17-09-410-014-1695 300 N. State Street, #3534
17-09-410-014-1696 300 N. State Street, #3535
17-09-410-014-1697 300 N. State Street, # 3628
17-09-410-014-1698 300 N. State Street, # 3629
17-09-410-014-1699 300 N. State Street, # 3630
17-09-410-014-1700 300 N. State Street, # 3631
17-09-410-014-1701 300 N. State Street, #3632
17-09-410-014-1702 300 N. State Street, # 3633
17-09-410-014-1703 300 N. State Street, # 3634
17-09-410-014-1704 300 N. State Street, # 3635
17-09-410-014-1705 300 N. State Street, # 3728
17-09-410-014-1706 300 N. State Street, # 3729
17-09-410-014-1707 300 N. State Street, # 3730
17-09-410-014-1708 300 N. State Street, #3731
17-09-410-014-1709 300 N. State Street, #3732
17-09-410-014-1710 300 N. State Street, # 3733
17-09-410-014-1711 300 N. State Street, # 3734
17-09-410-014-1712 300 N. State Street, # 3735
17-09-410-014-1713 300 N. State Street, # 3828
17-09-410-014-1714 300 N. State Street, #3829
17-09-410-014-1715 300 N. State Street, # 3830
17-09-410-014-1716 300 N. State Street, # 3831
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1717 300 N. State Street, # 3832
17-09-410-014-1718 300 N. State Street, # 3833
17-09-410-014-1719 300 N. State Street, # 3834
17-09-410-014-1720 300 N. State Street, # 3835
17-09-410-014-1721 300 N. State Street, # 3928
17-09-410-014-1722 300 N. State Street, # 3929
17-09-410-014-1723 300 N. State Street, #3930
17-09-410-014-1724 300 N. State Street, #3931
17-09-410-014-1725 300 N. State Street, # 3932
17-09-410-014-1726 300 N. State Street, # 3933
17-09-410-014-1727 300 N. State Street, # 3934
17-09-410-014-1728 300 N. State Street, # 3935
17-09-410-014-1729 300 N. State Street, # 4028
17-09-410-014-1730 300 N. State Street, #4029
17-09-410-014-1731 300 N. State Street, #4030
17-09-410-014-1732 300 N. State Street, #4031
17-09-410-014-1733 300 N. State Street, #4032
17-09-410-014-1734 300 N. State Street, #4033
17-09-410-014-1735 300 N. State Street, #4034
17-09-410-014-1736 300 N. State Street, # 4035
17-09-410-014-1737 300 N. State Street, #4128
17-09-410-014-1738 300 N. State Street, #4129
17-09-410-014-1739 300 N. State Street, #4130
17-09-410-014-1740 300 N. State Street, #4131
17-09-410-014-1741 300 N. State Street, #4132
17-09-410-014-1742 300 N. State Street, #4133
17-09-410-014-1743 300 N. State Street, #4134
17-09-410-014-1744 300 N. State Street, #4135
17-09-410-014-1745 300 N. State Street, #4228
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1746 300 N. State Street, #4229
17-09-410-014-1747 300 N. State Street, #4230
17-09-410-014-1748 300 N. State Street, # 4231
17-09-410-014-1749 300 N. State Street, # 4232
17-09-410-014-1750 300 N. State Street, #4233
17-09-410-014-1751 300 N. State Street, #4234
17-09-410-014-1752 300 N. State Street, # 4235
17-09-410-014-1753 300 N. State Street, #4328
17-09-410-014-1754 300 N. State Street, #4329
17-09-410-014-1755 300 N. State Street, #4330
17-09-410-014-1756 300 N. State Street, #4331
17-09-410-014-1757 300 N. State Street, #4332
17-09-410-014-1758 300 N. State Street, #4333
17-09-410-014-1759 300 N. State Street, #4334
17-09-410-014-1760 300 N. State Street, # 4335
17-09-410-014-1761 300 N. State Street, #4428
17-09-410-014-1762 300 N. State Street, #4429
17-09-410-014-1763 300 N. State Street, #4430
17-09-410-014-1764 300 N. State Street, #4431
17-09-410-014-1765 300 N. State Street, #4432
17-09-410-014-1766 300 N. State Street, #4433
17-09-410-014-1767 300 N. State Street, #4434
17-09-410-014-1768 300 N. State Street, #4435
17-09-410-014-1769 300 N. State Street, #4528
17-09-410-014-1770 300 N. State Street, #4529
17-09-410-014-1771 300 N. State Street, # 4530
17-09-410-014-1772 300 N. State Street, #4531
17-09-410-014-1773 300 N. State Street, #4532
17-09-410-014-1774 300 N. State Street, # 4533
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1775 300 N. State Street, #4534
17-09-410-014-1776 300 N. State Street, # 4535
17-09-410-014-1777 300 N. State Street, # 4628
17-09-410-014-1778 300 N. State Street, #4629
17-09-410-014-1779 300 N. State Street, # 4630
17-09-410-014-1780 300 N. State Street, # 4631
17-09-410-014-1781 300 N. State Street, # 4632
17-09-410-014-1782 300 N. State Street, # 4633
17-09-410-014-1783 300 N. State Street, #4634
17-09-410-014-1784 300 N. State Street, #4635
17-09-410-014-1785 300 N. State Street, #4728
17-09-410-014-1786 300 N. State Street, #4729
17-09-410-014-1787 300 N. State Street, #4730
17-09-410-014-1788 300 N. State Street, #4731
17-09-410-014-1789 300 N. State Street, #4732
17-09-410-014-1790 300 N. State Street, #4733
17-09-410-014-1791 300 N. State Street, #4734
17-09-410-014-1792 300 N. State Street, #4735
17-09-410-014-1793 300 N. State Street, #4828
17-09-410-014-1794 300 N. State Street, #4829
17-09-410-014-1795 300 N. State Street, #4830
17-09-410-014-1796 300 N. State Street, #4831
17-09-410-014-1797 300 N. State Street, #4832
17-09-410-014-1798 300 N. State Street, #4833
17-09-410-014-1799 300 N. State Street, #4834
17-09-410-014-1800 300 N. State Street, #4835
17-09-410-014-1801 300 N. State Street, #4928
17-09-410-014-1802 300 N. State Street, #4929
17-09-410-014-1803 300 N. State Street, #4930
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1804 300 N. State Street, #4931
17-09-410-014-1805 300 N. State Street, #4932
17-09-410-014-1806 300 N. State Street, #4933
17-09-410-014-1807 300 N. State Street, #4934
17-09-410-014-1808 300 N. State Street, #4935
17-09-410-014-1809 300 N. State Street, # 5028
17-09-410-014-1810 300 N. State Street, # 5029
17-09-410-014-1811 300 N. State Street, # 5030
17-09-410-014-1812 300 N. State Street, #5031
17-09-410-014-1813 300 N. State Street, # 5032
17-09-410-014-1814 300 N. State Street, # 5033
17-09-410-014-1815 300 N. State Street, # 5034
17-09-410-014-1816 300 N. State Street, # 5035
17-09-410-014-1817 300 N. State Street, #5128
17-09-410-014-1818 300 N. State Street, #5129
17-09-410-014-1819 300 N. State Street, #5130
17-09-410-014-1820 300 N. State Street, #5131
17-09-410-014-1821 300 N. State Street, #5132
17-09-410-014-1822 300 N. State Street, #5133
17-09-410-014-1823 300 N. State Street, #5134
17-09-410-014-1824 300 N. State Street, #5135
17-09-410-014-1825 300 N. State Street, #5228
17-09-410-014-1826 300 N. State Street, # 5229
17-09-410-014-1827 300 N. State Street, # 5230
17-09-410-014-1828 300 N. State Street, # 5231
17-09-410-014-1829 300 N. State Street, # 5232
17-09-410-014-1830 300 N. State Street, # 5233
17-09-410-014-1831 300 N. State Street, # 5234
17-09-410-014-1832 300 N. State Street, # 5235
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1833 300 N. State Street, #5316
17-09-410-014-1834 300 N. State Street, #5317
17-09-410-014-1835 300 N. State Street, #5318
17-09-410-014-1836 300 N. State Street, #5319
17-09-410-014-1837 300 N. State Street, #5416
17-09-410-014-1838 300 N. State Street, #5417
17-09-410-014-1839 300 N. State Street, #5418
17-09-410-014-1840 300 N. State Street, #5419
17-09-410-014-1841 300 N. State Street, #5516
17-09-410-014-1842 300 N. State Street, #5517
17-09-410-014-1843 300 N. State Street, #5518
17-09-410-014-1844 300 N. State Street, #5519
17-09-410-014-1845 300 N. State Street, #5616
17-09-410-014-1846 300 N. State Street, #5617
17-09-410-014-1847 300 N. State Street, #5618
17-09-410-014-1848 300 N. State Street, #5619
17-09-410-014-1849 300 N. State Street, #5716
17-09-410-014-1850 300 N. State Street, #5717
17-09-410-014-1851 300 N. State Street, #5718
17-09-410-014-1852 300 N. State Street, #5719
17-09-410-014-1853 300 N. State Street, #5816
17-09-410-014-1854 300 N. State Street, #5817
17-09-410-014-1855 300 N. State Street, #5818
17-09-410-014-1856 300 N. State Street, #5819
17-09-410-014-1857 300 N. State Street, #5916
17-09-410-014-1858 300 N. State Street, #5917
17-09-410-014-1859 300 N. State Street, #5918
17-09-410-014-1860 300 N. State Street, #5919
17-09-410-014-1861 300 N. State Street, #6016
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1862 300 N. State Street, #6017
17-09-410-014-1863 300 N. State Street, #6018
17-09-410-014-1864 300 N. State Street, #6019
17-09-410-014-1865 300 N. State Street, #5320
17-09-410-014-1866 300 N. State Street, #5321
17-09-410-014-1867 300 N. State Street, # 5322
17-09-410-014-1868 300 N. State Street, # 5323
17-09-410-014-1869 300 N. State Street, # 5420
17-09-410-014-1870 300 N. State Street, #5421
17-09-410-014-1871 300 N. State Street, # 5422
17-09-410-014-1872 300 N. State Street, # 5423
17-09-410-014-1873 300 N. State Street, # 5520
17-09-410-014-1874 300 N. State Street, # 5521
17-09-410-014-1875 300 N. State Street, # 5522
17-09-410-014-1876 300 N. State Street, #5523
17-09-410-014-1877 300 N. State Street, # 5620
17-09-410-014-1878 300 N. State Street, #5621
17-09-410-014-1879 300 N. State Street, # 5622
17-09-410-014-1880 300 N. State Street, # 5623
17-09-410-014-1881 300 N. State Street, # 5720
17-09-410-014-1882 300 N. State Street, #5721
17-09-410-014-1883 300 N. State Street, # 5722
17-09-410-014-1884 300 N. State Street, # 5723
17-09-410-014-1885 300 N. State Street, # 5820
17-09-410-014-1886 300 N. State Street, # 5821
17-09-410-014-1887 300 N. State Street, #5822
17-09-410-014-1888 300 N. State Street, # 5823
17-09-410-014-1889 300 N. State Street, # 5920
17-09-410-014-1890 300 N. State Street, # 5921
Permanent Index Number (PIN) Address
17-09-410-014-1891 300 N. State Street, # 5922
17-09-410-014-1892 300 N. State Street, # 5923
17-09-410-014-1893 300 N. State Street, #6020
17-09-410-014-1894 300 N. State Street, #6021
17-09-410-014-1895 300 N. State Street, #6022
17-09-410-014-1896 300 N. State Street, # 6023
CITY OF CHICAGO COMMISSION ON CHICAGO LANDMARKS
November 5, 2015
r
RECOMMENDATION TO THE CITY COUNCIL OF CHICAGO THAT CHICAGO LANDMARK DESIGNATION BE ADOPTED FOR
MARINA CITY
Including the Following Address Ranges (even/odd addresses):
300-340 N. State St. (evens); 301-351 N. Dearborn St. (odds)
Docket No. 2015-03
To the Mayor and Members of the City Council of the City of Chicago:
Pursuant to Section 2-120-690 of the Municipal Code of the City of Chicago (the "Municipal Code"), the Commission on Chicago Landmarks (the "Commission") has determined that Marina City is worthy of designation as a Chicago Landmark District. On the basis of careful consideration of the history and architecture of Marina City, the Commission has found that it satisfies the following five (5) criteria set forth in Section 2-120-620 of the Municipal Code:
I. Its value as an example of the architectural, cultural, economic, historic, social, or other aspect of the heritage of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, or the United States.
. 4. Its exemplification of an architectural type or style distinguished by innovation,
rarity, uniqueness, or overall quality of design, detail, materials, or craftsmanship.
Its identification as the work of an architect, designer, engineer, or builder whose individual work is significant in the history or development of the City of Chicago, the State of Illinois, or the United States.
Its representation of an architectural, cultural, economic, historic, social, or other theme expressed through distinctive areas, districts, places, buildings, structures, works of art, or other objects that may or may not be contiguous.
Its unique location or distinctive physical appearance or presence representing an established and familiar visual feature of a neighborhood, community, or the City of Chicago.
1. BACKGROUND
The formal landmark designation process for Marina City began on July 9, 2015, when the Commission approved a preliminary landmark recommendation (the "Preliminary Recommendation") for Marina City as a Chicago Landmark. The Commission found that Marina City meets five (5) of the seven (7) criteria for designation, as well as the integrity criterion, identified in the Chicago Landmarks Ordinance (Municipal Code, Section 2-120-580 et seq.). The Preliminary Recommendation, incorporated herein and attached hereto as Exhibit A, initiated the process for further study and analysis of the proposed designation of Marina City as a Chicago Landmark. As part of the Preliminary Recommendation, the Commission identified the "significant historical and architectural features" of Marina City as:
All exterior elevations, including rooflines, of Marina City's buildings, including the exterior of the bridge level and marina level, visible from public rights-of-way and the Chicago River.
The driveways and open plaza areas between Marina City's buildings.
The one-story restaurant building located at the southeast portion of Marina City and built in 1998 is not considered a significant feature for the purpose of this proposed landmark designation. The glass-enclosed parking attendant structure at the south end of Marina City is not original to the plaza and is also not considered a significant feature for the purpose of this proposed landmark designation.
Also, as part of the Preliminary Recommendation, the Commission adopted a Designation Report, dated July 9, 2015, incorporated herein and attached hereto as Exhibit B.
At its regular meeting of August 6, 2015, the Commission received a report from Patricia A. Scudiero, Managing Deputy Commissioner of the Department of Planning and Development, stating that the proposed landmark designation of Marina City is consistent with the City's plans and policies for the surrounding neighborhood and is consistent with the City's other governing plans and policies. This report is incorporated herein and attached hereto as Exhibit C (the "DPD Report").
In a letter dated August 14, 2015, the Commission officially requested the consent to the proposed landmark designation from the owners of property at Marina City. As of September 28. 2015, the end of the request-for-consent period, no consent forms have been returned to the Commission by owners of property at Marina City. It should be noted, however, that one consent form was returned by House of Blues Chicago Inc., which crossed out references to "owner" on the consent form and instead identified itself as "occupant/lessee." This form indicated non-consent to the proposed landmark designation of Marina City.
Upon the end of the request-for-consent period, as required by the Chicago Landmarks Ordinance, the Commission notified owners of properties within Marina City in a letter dated September 29, 2015, of a public hearing on the proposed designation scheduled for October
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16, 2015. Notices of the time and date of the hearing were (a) posted on signs placed in the public rights-of-way bounding Marina City, and (b) published as a legal notice in the Chicago Sun-Times, as required by the Chicago Landmarks Ordinance. A notice was also posted on the Department of Planning and Development's web site.
II. PUBLIC HEARING
The hearing was convened, as scheduled and noticed, on Friday, October 16, 2015, at 9:30 a.m. at City Hall, 121 N. LaSalle St., Rm. 1103. Commission member Carmen Rossi served as Hearing Officer, assisted by Lisa Misher, Senior Counsel of the Real Estate and Land Use Division of the City's Law Department, as legal counsel to the Commission, and Eleanor Esser Gorski, Director of the Historic Preservation Division of the Department of Planning and Development. The hearing was conducted in accordance with the Commission's Rules and Regulations, specifically Article II regarding the conduct of public hearings for landmark designation.
The Commission staffs presentation recommending the proposed landmark designation was given by Matt Crawford, Coordinating Planner.
Attorney Mariah DiGrino of the law firm DLA Piper, representing LaSalle Hotel Properties and LHO Chicago River, L.L.C., owners of property at Marina City, requested party status. When called upon to make her presentation as a party, Ms. DiGrino stated that she merely wanted to make a statement, discussed below, on behalf of her clients and was therefore not requesting party status.
The hearing then proceeded with statements from property owners and members of the general public regarding the proposed landmark designation.
LaSalle Hotel Properties and LHO Chicago River, L.L.C., owners of property at Marina City, were represented by Ms. DiGrino. She stated that her client was "not prepared to consent or object, but continues to evaluate the effect of the designation on its hotel and commercial operations," and that her client looked "forward to continuing to work with the Landmarks Division on future requests for approvals for the hotel and commercial spaces as they arise."
Bonnie McDonald, President of Landmarks Illinois, expressed her organization's support for the designation.
Ward Miller, President of Preservation Chicago, expressed his organization's support for the designation.
One member of the public expressed support for the designation.
The transcript (the "Hearing Transcript") and related exhibits from the public hearing are attached hereto.
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III. FINDINGS OF THE COMMISSION ON CHICAGO LANDMARKS
WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 2-120-690 of the Municipal Code, the Commission shall determine whether to recommend the proposed landmark designation to City Council within 30 days after the conclusion of a public hearing; and
WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 2-120-690 of the Municipal Code, the Commission has reviewed the entire record of proceedings on the proposed Chicago Landmark designation, including the Designation Report, the DPD Report, the Hearing Transcript and all of the information on the proposed landmark designation of Marina City; and
WHEREAS, Marina City meets the five (5) criteria for landmark designation set forth in Sections 2-120-620 (1), (4), (5), (6) and (7) of the Municipal Code; and
WHEREAS, Marina City is an icon of Chicago urban planning. This "city within a city" was the first of its kind to layer residential, commercial, and entertainment uses into a dense high rise complex in the center city; and
WHEREAS, Marina City was the most ambitious and forward-thinking post-war urban renewal project in Chicago in an era defined by ambitious urban renewal projects; and
WHEREAS, Bertrand Goldberg's comprehensive vision for Marina City introduced new ideas about form and structure and novel solutions for living and working in an urban environment. Although Marina City remained an anomaly for decades, its success as a dense high-rise residential development anticipated the later transformation of downtown Chicago from a nine-to-five business district to a thriving and bustling residential and commercial community. The development's use of the Chicago River as an amenity was also years ahead of its time; and
WHEREAS, at the time of its construction. Marina City was the most ambitious and innovative real estate development in the city. The project was the first planned development project in Chicago, and the first and largest federally-insured downtown housing project in the country; and
WHEREAS, Marina City was the brainchild of William Lane McFetridge, president of the Building Service Employees International Union, and real estate developer Charles Swibel. McFetridge was one of the most influential labor leaders in the Midwest after World War II, and Swibel later rose to become head of the Chicago Housing Authority. Their idea to invest union funds into middle-income housing as a way to revitalize urban centers and create more jobs for members was a significant departure from other union-funded housing projects in the country, which were built to provide low-cost housing for members; and
WHEREAS, the residential towers, theater building, and office tower within the Marina City complex are all excellent and varied examples of the Expressionist style, a stylistic reaction against the rigidities of the International Style within the context of the modem movement in architecture during the second half of the twentieth century; and
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WHEREAS, Marina City marks the first built-example of Bertrand Goldberg's use of the cylindrical form, which would become a hallmark of many of his subsequent designs. Goldberg's design for the residential towers, which featured the repeated use of curving, petal-like shapes around a central cylindrical core, was unlike any design ever built in Chicago, and the buildings remain among the most distinctive structures in the city; and
WHEREAS, in his design for Marina City, Bertrand Goldberg pioneered the use of concrete in high-rise construction. Goldberg had attempted to create a cylindrical design using steel framing before Marina City, and was disappointed in the limitations of the material. Using concrete allowed for a more efficient and cost-effective construction of the desired form. When they were completed, the residential towers at Marina City were the tallest reinforced concrete structures in the world; and
WHEREAS, Marina City showcases Goldberg's ability to create evocative large-scale architecture that also addressed the constraints of the site and budget, the functions of each component of the development, and the needs of the people who would live and work in the complex. The cylindrical shape of the residential towers was visually striking, but it also allowed for the highest ratio of floor area to exterior skin, reducing wind loads and stresses on the building, and shortening the length of supply and return runs for the utilities. The petal-shaped plans of the apartments were designed to maximize a feeling of expanding space within very modest square footage. The rounded shape and lead sheathing of the theater building were used to improve the acoustics of the interior, all while creating a form that is as distinctive as that of the towers; and
WHEREAS, the form, materials and siting of the individual buildings at Marina City were carefully designed so that the office, residential, entertainment and parking functions work together effectively as a whole; and
WHEREAS, Bertrand Goldberg, the designer of Marina City, is a significant architect in the history of Chicago architecture, combining both technical brilliance and humanistic values in ways exemplified by his architectural designs. Marina City was Goldberg's first large-scale commission, and brought international attention to his firm; and
WHEREAS, Bertrand Goldberg possessed an exceptional understanding of materials and new building and design technologies, but also believed that these physical aspects of architecture must serve humanity; he was also an urbanist, but one who often found inspiration from structures found in nature. The fusion of these qualities led to Goldberg's highly individual buildings found in Chicago and across the nation, and is most completely exemplified in the Marina City complex; and
WHEREAS, Bertrand Goldberg was one of the few Americans who studied at the Bauhaus, an influential avant-garde art and design school in Weimar-era Germany that flourished between the two world wars. Goldberg credited his time at the Bauhaus for his interest in the human and social aspects of design and his interest in mass-produced and prefabricated structures; and
WHEREAS, in 1966, Bertrand Goldberg designed the Raymond M. Hilliard Center for the Chicago Housing Authority. This complex is regarded as one of the most socially successful public housing projects in the nation, attributed largely to Goldberg's design, which successfully balanced community amenities and the individual needs of residents; and
WHEREAS, Marina City was a bold response to the threat of suburbanization and disinvestment in Chicago's downtown in the decades following World War II. The complex served as a microcosm of urban life within five interconnected yet distinct structures, all contained within a single 3-acre lot within the city's center; and
WHEREAS, the structures within the Marina City complex were designed to sustain one another to create what Goldberg called the "24-hour city." The residential towers provided the captive population needed to support the retail, office, and entertainment buildings, while these same spaces made living downtown feasible for the complex's residents; and
WHEREAS, Marina City remains an iconic presence in downtown Chicago nearly 50 years after its completion. The residential towers, with their distinctive shape and rhythmic pattern of curved concrete balconies, are the focal points of the complex. The complex's location along the Chicago River only serves to heighten the visual impact of the towers; and
WHEREAS, Marina City—and the residential towers, in particular—have been featured in television shows, films, advertisements, and album covers. As early as 1964, a Chicago Tribune article noted that Marina City had become a symbol for Chicago as a modern city, citing the use of its image in advertisements for everything from cars to cigarettes. This image of the buildings still resonates with many artists and designers, as well as the general public; and
WHEREAS, consistent with Section 2-120-630 of the Municipal Code, Marina City has a significant historic, community, architectural, or aesthetic interest or value, the integrity of which is preserved in light of its location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, and ability to express such historic, community, architectural, or aesthetic interest or value; now, therefore,
THE COMMISSION ON CHICAGO LANDMARKS HEREBY:
Adopts the recitals, findings and statements of fact set forth in the preamble and Sections I, II, and III hereof as the findings of the Commission; and
Adopts the Designation Report, as revised, and dated this 5th day of November 2015; and
Finds, based on the Designation Report, DPD Report, the Hearing Transcript and the entire record before the Commission, that Marina City meets the five (5) criteria for landmark designation set forth in Section 2-120-620 (1), (4), (5), (6) and (7) of the Municipal Code; and
|1010|Finds that Marina City satisfies the "integrity" requirement set forth in Section 2-120-630 of the Municipal Code; and
5. Finds that the significant historical and architectural features of Marina City are
identified as follows:
All exterior elevations, including rooflines, of Marina City's buildings, including the exterior of the bridge level and marina level, visible from public rights-of-way and the Chicago River.
The driveways and open plaza areas between Marina City's buildings.
The one-story restaurant building located at the south east portion of Marina City and built in 1998 is not considered a significant feature for the purpose of this proposed landmark designation. The glass-enclosed parking attendant structure at the south end of Marina City is not original to the plaza and is also not considered a significant feature for the purpose of this proposed landmark designation.
Rafael M. Leg^Chairman Commission on Chicago Landmarks
6. Recommends that Marina City be designated a Chicago Landmark.
This recommendation was adopted jul^cl^
Dated:
|1010|
Exhibit A
Resolution by the
Commission on Chicago Landmarks on the
Preliminary Landmark Recommendation
MARINA CITY
Including the Following Address Ranges (even/odd addresses):
300-340 N. State St. (evens); 301-351 N. Dearborn St. (odds)
July 9,2015
Whereas, the Commission on Chicago Landmarks (hereinafter the "Commission") preliminarily finds that:
Marina City, located at the addresses noted above, meets the five criteria for landmark designation set forth in Section 2-120-620 (I), (4), (5), (6) and (7) of the Municipal Code of Chicago (the "Municipal Code"), as specifically described in the Preliminary Summary of Information submitted to the Commission on this 91'1 day of July, 2015, by the Department of Planning and Development (the "Preliminary Summary"); and
Marina City satisfies the historic integrity requirement set forth in Section 2-120-630 of the Municipal Code as described in the Preliminary Summary; now, therefore
Be it resolved by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks:
Section I. The above recitals are expressly incorporated in and made part of this resolution as though fully set forth herein.
Section 2. The Commission hereby adopts the Preliminary Summary and makes a preliminary landmark recommendation concerning Marina City in accordance with Section 2-120-630 of the Municipal Code.
Section 3. For purposes of Section 2-120-740 of the Municipal Code governing permit review, the significant historical and architectural features of Marina City are preliminarily identified as:
All exterior elevations, including rooflines, of Marina City's buildings including the exterior of the concourse level and marina visible from public rights-of-way and the Chicago River; and
the driveways and open plaza areas between Marina City's buildings.
The one-story restaurant building located at the south east portion of Marina City and built in 1998 is hot considered a significant feature for the purpose of this proposed landmark designation. The glass-enclosed parking attendant structure at the south end of Marina City is not original to the plaza and is also not considered a significant feature for the purpose of this proposed landmark designation.
Section 4. The Commission hereby requests a report from the Commissioner of the Department of Planning and Development which evaluates the relationship of the proposed designation to the City's governing plans and policies and the effect of the proposed designation on the surrounding neighborhood in accordance with Section 2-120-640 of the Municipal Code.
This resolution was adopted
Rafael M. Leon, Chairman Commission on Chicago Landmarks
Rafael M. Li Commission
Dated: QuJU, ^.^S
Exhibit B
Preliminary Summary of Information
Submitted to the Commission on Chicago Landmarks in July 2015
Marina City
300-340 N. State St.; 301-351 N. Dearborn St.
CITY OF CHICAGO Rahm Emanuel, Mayor
Department of Planning and Development Andrew J. Mooney, Commissioner
CONTENTS
Map of District|910|Development of Marina City|910|Residential Development in Post-War Chicago|910|William Lane McFetridge and the Building Service
Employees International Union|910|Bertrand Goldberg, Early Life and Work (1913-1959) 12
Planning Marina City 14
The Site 15
Marina City and the "Total Environment" 15
The Design Phase 17
Building Marina City 19
Financing Marina City 22
Marketing and Public Reception of Marina City 25
Marketing and Publicity 25
Public Reception 27
Replicating the Model and the Legacy of Marina City 30
The Architecture of Marina City 31
Physical Description 31
Marina City and Expressionist Modern Architecture 35
Bertrand Goldberg After Marina City 39
Criteria for Designation 39
Significant Historical and Architectural Features 47
Selected Bibliography 48
Illustration Credits 52
Acknowledgments 53
MARINA CITY
300 N. State Street
Period of Significance: 1960-1967 architect and engineers: bertrand goldberg associates
Seyerud-Elstad-Krueger
Marina City, designed by architect Bertrand Goldberg and constructed between 1960 and 1967, is an icon of Chicago architecture and urban planning. This "city within a city," the first of its kind to layer residential, commercial, and entertainment uses into a dense high rise complex in the center city, was the most ambitious and forward-thinking post-war urban renewal project in Chicago in an era defined by ambitious urban renewal projects. Commissioned by a janitor's trade union, designed by a visionary architect, blessed by the country's most powerful mayor, and ultimately controlled by one of Chicago's most influential power brokers, Marina City exemplifies the complexity inherent in large-scale urban endeavors in the post-war era.
The scale and scope of the project was unparalleled at the time of its construction. Marina City was the first planned development project in Chicago, and the first and largest federally-insured downtown housing project in the country. When they were completed in 1963, the residential towers were the tallest reinforced concrete structures in the world. Marina City was also Bertrand Goldberg's career-defining commission, catapulting him onto the world stage and solidifying his reputation as one of the most innovative architects of the twentieth century.
Designed to primarily house middle-income singles or childless married couples and as a model for reinvestment and revitalization of Chicago's downtown, Goldberg's comprehensive vision for Marina City introduced new ideas about form and structure and novel solutions for living and working in an urban environment. Although Marina City remained an anomaly for decades, its success as a dense high-rise residential development anticipated the later transformation of downtown Chicago from a nine-to-five business district to a thriving and bustling residential and commercial community. The development's use of the Chicago River as an amenity was also years ahead of its time.
Stylistically, Marina City is an impressive and captivating example of the Expressionist Style within the Modern Movement, and a powerful response to the glass-and-steel International-Style high rises influenced by architect Mies van der Rohe and commissioned by large corpora-
|1010|W. KINZIE ST.
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Marina City is a complex of five interconnected but distinct structures—two residential towers, a theater, and an office tower, all set on a two-story base building—located in the Near North Side community area. The complex is set on a 3.1-acre parcel bounded by State Street and Dearborn Street to the east and west, Kinzie Street to the north, and the Chicago River to the south.
This map is meant for illustrative purposes only. The final district boundary and description would be defined in a Chicago landmark designation ordinance passed by City Council.|1010|
tions and the government from the 1950s through the 1970s. Marina City is also the most fully realized encapsulation of Goldberg's humanistic approach to design.
Development of Marina City
Residential Development in Post-War Chicago
The development of Marina City took place during a period of flux in Chicago and other urban centers throughout the country. The city had emerged from the Depression and World War II with an aging building stock and a declining commercial and industrial base in its central business district. The twin specters of decentralization and suburbanization threatened to drain the city of its people and businesses. A report by the Real Estate Research Corporation in 1946 revealed that less than 30% of the city's postwar population lived within five miles of State and Madison streets, and a subsequent report from 1951 showed that newly-built homes were luring families out of the city and into less-populated suburban areas. Downtown, commercial development remained at a standstill through the first ten years after the end of the war, leading many real estate brokers in the city to conclude that the area "might as well be returned to the Indians."
The post-war stagnation of Chicago's downtown created a wave of anxiety in the city's business and civic communities, and led to an increased focus on improving and revitalizing the Loop. In 1956, a group of the city's leading businessmen and industrialists formed the Chicago Central Area Committee (CCAC) as an advocate group for the redevelopment of the central business district. An editorial put forth by the CCAC in the September 11, 1957 edition of the Chicago Daily Tribune neatly summarized the concern felt by many business and civic leaders regarding the future of Chicago's downtown:
The population of Chicago's metropolitan area has increased 14 per cent since 1950 and the reports of industrial expansion indicate that the rapid area-wide growth will continue ... /V has been puzzling to observe that these spectacular developments have not been paralleled by a downtown building boom. Chicago's central business district has seen few important changes since the 1920s, while office buildings, hotels, and public buildings have been sprouting like weeds in New York and several other cities. Chicago public officials and business leaders are concerned about the lack of downtown growth, not because their vanity has been wounded, but because the downtown district carries a large part of the city's lax burden. When new buildings rise in the Loop, every home owner benefits.
In response to this uncertainty, newly-elected mayor Richard J. Daley focused on the revitaliza-tion of Chicago's downtown as a top priority of his first term, which began in 1955. In August of 1958, Daley and the city's Department of Planning unveiled the Development Plan for the Central Area of Chicago, a comprehensive and ambitious plan that focused on the city's central business district and lakefront as the keys to Chicago's future economic stability. In addition to a large civic center stretching from Washington Street to the south bank of the Chicago River, an exposition center along the lake just south of downtown, and a relocated University of Illi-|1010|
The development of Marina City took place during a time of enormous flux for urban centers across the country. Leading businessmen and planners in Chicago were concerned about the lack of growth in Chicago's downtown after the Great Depression and World War II, and Mayor Richard J. Daley made downtown revitalization a top priority during his first term. Office construction began to pick up in the late 1950s, but residential construction close to the city center lagged behind, despite market analysis that showed that over 40% of renters in the city who worked downtown wanted to live downtown.
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|1010|
nois campus, the plan also targeted large swaths of land just north of the river and south of Roosevelt Road for residential redevelopment. The area along the north bank of the river between Rush Street and Wells—including the future site of Marina City—was reserved in the plan for Fort Dearborn Plaza, a large redevelopment project first conceived in 1949 by real estate developer Arthur Rubloff. The redevelopment, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill though never built, was to include government and office buildings, a 1.9-acre shopping center, a school, and 27 apartment buildings containing over 4,500 units.
By the time the new plan was released, office construction had finally begun to accelerate in the Loop, but residential construction close to the city center still lagged behind. Most new apartments built in the city in the 1950s were in luxury high-rise buildings that stretched along the lakefront, continuing the boom that had begun in the 1920s and was interrupted by the Depression and World War II. However, these apartments did nothing to satisfy the need for more affordable housing for workers in the Loop. The 1959 Chicago Market Analysis Report by the Real Estate Research Corporation revealed a "present and near future" market for 39,000 rental units close to the Loop. Based on a survey of Loop workers, the report also claimed that over 40% of all renters in the city working downtown wanted to live closer to work, and that demand for housing downtown could be as high as 47,000 units.
Unlike the families fleeing to the suburbs, the potential downtown residents identified in the 1959 report were mostly singles or childless married couples who preferred easy access to work and entertainment over homes with large yards on quiet suburban streets. In fact, the typical downtown dweller had already been identified by the corporation over 13 years before. In a prescient speech to the Metropolitan Housing Council as part of the release of its 1946 report, the corporation's president James Downs, Jr. urged city planners to focus on future population trends, which included "a greater number of unmarried young people starting their careers in the city, more childless married couples, more divorced persons, and an increase in elderly persons living on pensions or savings," and encouraged that planning decisions "be made with the aim of making a place for these persons with the kind of quarters they wish to have. . . apartment houses. . .near the city center, close to their jobs, their entertainment, and the main shopping districts."
Marina City sought to cater to these pioneering downtown dwellers in an ambitious new way, by providing a "city within a city" that could meet their every need. With its promise of afford-ability for middle-class office workers and its broad support system of commercial, recreational, and office spaces, Marina City was designed to provide an attractive alternative to suburban living and usher in a new wave of residential development that would revitalize the city's flagging urban core.
William Lane McFetridge and the Building Service Employees International Union
Among those impressed by the 1959 Chicago Market Analysis Report was William Lane McFetridge (1893-1969), president of the Building Service Employees International Union (BSEIU, often referred to as the Janitors' Union). McFetridge was a close confidante and avid supporter of Mayor Richard J. Daley, and shared his keen interest in revitalizing Chicago's downtown. As head of a union representing the city's janitors, elevator operators, and window|1010|
washers. McFetridge had, according to a profile in Life magazine, "been brooding for years because Chicago, like many cities, was decaying at the center while people fled their apartments to houses in the suburbs where, naturally, they no longer needed a janitor."
By 1959, William McFetridge had been president of the BSEIU for 19 years. The union began in 1902 as the Flat Janitors' Union. This small organization banded together with several other small unions to form the Building Service Employees International Union in 1921, and changed its name to Local 1. By the 1950s, the BSEIU had grown into a powerful political force in the city, due in no small part to the direction of their president. A native of Chicago and nephew of BSEIU's founding President William Quesse, McFetridge worked for his uncle as an investigator for the union for several years. In 1923, McFetridge officially joined Local 1, and was elected as its vice president three years later.
In 1940, McFetridge replaced George Scalise as international president of the BSEIU after Scalise's conviction for labor racketeering. McFetridge quickly set about distancing the BSEIU from organized crime, while at the same time expanding its membership and political influence. During his 20-year tenure, he increased membership from 40,000 in 1940 to 250,000 in 1960. McFetridge became one of the most influential labor leaders in the Midwest after World War II. He served as vice president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) from 1950-1969. He was instrumental in the merger of the AFL with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1955, and served on its executive council. McFetridge also served as vice president of the Chicago Parks District from 1946-1969 and was a member of the Public Building Commission from its founding in 1956 to 1969.
The initial idea of investing the union's health, welfare, and pension funds in middle-income housing was first given to McFetridge in the late 1950s by his friend and colleague Charles Swibel. At the time, Swibel was president of the real estate firm Marks and Company, and acted as real estate agent for the BSEIU. In 1956, at the age of 29, he was appointed as commissioner and treasurer of the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA). It was rumored that McFetridge had arranged the appointment. Swibel became chairman of the CHA in 1964; his tenure was a troubled one, and he was forced to resign in 1982 after a federally-commissioned audit of the agency revealed corruption and mismanagement. Although a divisive figure, Swibel proved invaluable in the development of Marina City, and was responsible for most of the financial machinations that made the project possible.
The concept of union-funded housing development was not a new one. Union-sponsored cooperative housing was built in New York City as early as the 1920s and investments continued through the late twentieth century. The United Housing Foundation, set up by garment industry trade unions in 1951, sponsored several large cooperative developments in New York between 1951 and 1973. In Chicago, the largest example of union-sponsored housing was Parkway Garden Homes on the city's south side (listed on the National Register in 201 1), a 35-building cooperative apartment complex that was built by the Community Development Trust for the Dining Car Workers Union and completed in 1955. At the same time that Marina City was rising on the river, construction was also underway for Fewkes Tower, a 29-story apartment building on the near north side designed by Chicago architect Harry Weese for the Chicago Teacher's Union. The building was built specifically to provide affordable apartments for retired teachers.
|10 10|
BUILDING SERVICE EMPLOYEES' INTERNATIONAL UNION
I
In the late 1950s, the Building Service Employees' International Union, led by president William L. McFetridge, stepped forward to invest its pension funds in middle-class housing in downtown Chicago. BSEIU had begun in Chicago in the early 1920s as the Flat Janitors' Union. Union-sponsored housing was not a new idea, but most housing projects were conceived with the primary goal of providing affordable housing specifically for the union members, not as a business investment. McFetridge's goal was to grow the union's pension funds and retain jobs for its members, who primarily worked in high-rise buildings downtown.
Top: BSEIU banner ca. 1960; Left: BSEIU's Chicago headquarters (demolished); Right: BSEIU president William L. McFetridge ca. 1960
10
Real estate developer Charles Swibel partnered with McFetridge to structure the deal for a BSEIU-funded residential development in downtown Chicago.
Swibel, who would later serve as chairman of the Chicago Housing Authority between 1964 and 1982, was responsible for most of the financial strategies that made Marina City possible.
Top: Swibel on a balcony at Marina City, 1965
Bottom: Swibel and McFetridge with Mayor Richard J. Daley at the Marina City groundbreaking ceremony on November 22,1960
All of these developments were conceived and implemented with the primary goal of providing affordable housing for the union's workers.
McFetridge and Swibel. from the beginning, viewed the union's foray into housing development as a business investment meant not to provide housing for its members but to grow the union's health, welfare, and pension funds while helping to retain jobs in the Loop for its members. The project would, McFetridge hoped, serve as a model for subsequent residential developments funded by the BSEIU in Chicago and across the country. Although the organization was initially supportive of McFetridge's plan for Marina City, many in the union (including BSEIU president David Sullivan) later derided its profit-only model of union-sponsored housing because its members could not afford to live there.
In June 1959, McFetridge selected Chicago architect and engineer Bertrand Goldberg to design the development. Goldberg had worked with McFetridge and the union before, designing their modest offices at 318 West Randolph Street (demolished). Although Goldberg operated a successful architectural practice with several large residential commissions in Chicago—including Astor Tower (1963) and Drexel Home and Gardens (1955)—under his belt, he had designed nothing that came close to the scale of Marina City when McFetridge hired him. Goldberg himself said that McFetridge and Swibel "were amused by my innocence to a great extent," but that "they respected my work." However, Goldberg proved to be more than up for the challenge. His firm's involvement in countless aspects of the development above and beyond the design of the actual structures—from selection of the site to the development and implementation of a multi-faceted (and hugely successful) marketing strategy for the complex—were essential to the project's success. Marina City, in turn, would prove to be the defining project of Goldberg's career.
Bertrand Goldberg, Early Life and Work (1913-1959)
Marina City was the seminal work of Chicago-based architect and engineer Bertrand Goldberg, who possessed an unusual combination of three perspectives that shaped his six-decade long career and which coalesced for the first time in his design for Marina City. First, he was a humanist who firmly believed that architecture could improve human experience, either individually or collectively in urban contexts. Second, he took great interest in the physical aspect of architecture, always exploring new ways of using materials and new building technologies. Third, he was inspired by structures found in nature such as eggs, shells and trees which were strong and efficient. The resulting fusion of these perspectives led Goldberg to create buildings that were structurally innovative, boldly sculptural, and carefully planned for human activity. The enduring legacy of Marina City as an icon of Chicago architecture and a symbol of bold urban planning ideals is in large part due to his unique approach to architecture.
Bom in Chicago in 1913, Goldberg first became interested in architecture in 1930 as an undergraduate student at Harvard where he began to audit graduate courses at the Cambridge School of Landscape Architecture at Harvard College (now incorporated into Harvard University). At the recommendation of Harvard's dean, Goldberg travelled to Germany in May 1932 to study at the Bauhaus, an avant-garde school of art and design in Germany. Though he only spent a year
12
Top left: Bertrand Goldberg in 1952
Top right: Astor Tower, completed 1963
Bottom: Drexel Home and Gardens, 1955
13
at the Bauhaus, which in 1932 was located in Berlin, Goldberg was influenced by the school's philosophy that art and design could improve human experience and by the school's emphasis on merging design and mass-production. Also while in Berlin, Goldberg spent three months working in the office of architect Mies van der Rohe, one of the most influential architects in the modern movement who would later move to Chicago. The rise of the Nazi Party in January, 1933 led to political instability in Germany, especially for a Jewish-American student, and Goldberg left the country and returned to Chicago.
Back home, Goldberg visited the 1933 Century of Progress World's Fair where he was inspired by Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Car, and like so many architects in the 1930s, to also design an automobile. He began studying structural engineering under Frank Nydam at the Armour Institute of Technology (now the Illinois Institute of Technology) and earned his degree in 1934. He then began working in the offices of progressive Chicago architects including George Fred Keck (1935) and Paul Schweikher (1935-36).
In 1937 Goldberg established his own practice that later became known as Bertrand Goldberg Associates (BGA). In the beginning he specialized in single-family homes and other small buildings, which, despite their apparent simplicity, were characterized by a high level of structural and material inventiveness. In 1938, with Gilmer Black, Goldberg designed a factory-prefabricated, mobile ice cream store supported on a single mast that could be easily disassembled and moved. A mast-suspended gas station soon followed and was built at Clark and Maple in 1938 (no longer extant). During World War II, Goldberg was active under the Lanham Act designing defense-worker housing and mobile field clinics for the U.S. government. The lightweight clinic structures were designed with stressed plywood skins that could be demounted and easily moved. He also designed industrially-produced bathrooms and kitchen units though these never gained widespread acceptance.
In the early 1950s Goldberg continued to design single-family homes like the Ralph Helstein House (1952) in Chicago, as well as Drexel Home and Gardens (1954-55) on Chicago's South Side, an early urban renewal project combining federal and private funds. In 1958, Goldberg was commissioned to design Astor Tower, originally a combined hotel and apartment building, in the Gold Coast neighborhood. The concrete-framed structure was raised five-stories above grade to reduce its visual impact on the surrounding historic residential neighborhood.
At this point in his career, Goldberg had already begun to explore the cylindrical form that he would first use in the residential towers at Marina City. Originally, he conceived Astor Tower as a cylindrical building, but eventually decided against it, because "the environment was a rectilinear environment around Astor Tower, and we couldn't create enough of a message to let it stand on its own." Goldberg also designed a motel for the Phillips Petroleum Company in 1957 that featured twin cylindrical towers set on a two-story rectangular base. The motel was never built.
Planning Marina City
With the key members of the project team—McFetridge, Swibel, and Goldberg—on board, the initial planning and design for Marina City proceeded swiftly, with city approval and initial
14
drawings coming rapidly in summer and fall of 1959. Approval of the multiple layers of financing was more complicated; although initial commitments were secured quickly thanks to Charles Swibel, securing the final commitments would take several more months of planning.
The Site
As soon as Goldberg was signed on to the project, he, McFetridge, and Swibel immediately set about finding a suitable site. According to Goldberg, the group quickly narrowed the selection down to nine sites located close to the Loop. One day, as the three men were dining at Fritzel's restaurant at 201 North State Street, just south of the river, Goldberg gave McFetridge his thoughts on which site to choose:
/ said to Bill McFetridge, "You asked me to find you a piece of property. We have nine pieces of property, eight of which are within the budget you suggested to me, and the ninth of which is too rich for your blood. " He said " What one was that?" I said, "We can walk out of Fritzel's here and I'll show it to you. " And we did. The three of us stood out there on the sidewalk and I said "There. " He looked at it, and he said to Chuck Swibel, "See what you can buy it for. "
Goldberg, McFetridge, and Swibel were drawn to this particular site—a 3.1-acre parcel running along the north side of the Chicago River between State and Dearborn Streets—primarily for its scenic location on the river, which afforded impressive, then-unobstructed views to the Loop and Lake Michigan.
Despite the stunning views, the site did present some challenges. The owner of the property, the Chicago Northwestern Railroad, had to agree to drop its price. Swibel, an adept negotiator, swiftly accomplished both tasks, securing an option to purchase the property for $2.5 million (the railroad had wanted $3.7 million) in August 1959. Of greater concern was the fact that the area around the site was still primarily a warehouse district, with very few attractive amenities for potential residents. Thus, the major challenge presented to Goldberg was to design a development that highlighted all of the attractions of living in a vibrant urban area, in an area of the city that, at the time that Marina City was built, held few of those attractions. Although major cultural institutions, theaters, and large department store still drew people to the Loop outside of office hours in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the city center did not offer a commercial infrastructure for everyday life. In fact, Goldberg had previously approached developer Arthur Ru-bloff, for whom he designed Drexel Home and Gardens, about the possibility of building an apartment tower nearby, on the site now occupied by Trump Tower, but Rubloff had responded by claiming, "Who wants to live downtown?" By the time Marina City opened to residents in 1962, the answer to Rubloff s question would be clear.
Marina City and the "Total Environment"
It was this challenge that ultimately led Goldberg to create an ambitious and richly varied design for Marina City that encompassed multiple uses—residential, office, retail, and recreational—in a dense urban microcosm on the river. No other mixed-use development had ever been built in Chicago that matched Marina City in size, density, or variety. As Goldberg recounted on numerous occasions, his ideas regarding the layering of uses was not a new concept in cities.
15
The project team chose a 3.1-acre site along the north side of the Chicago River. The parcel at that time was a rail yard owned by the Chicago Northwestern Railroad, surrounded by turn-of-the-century masonry warehouses.
The $36 million project was initially financed with equity from BSEIU, Local 1 in Chicago, Local 32 B in New York, and BSEIU's pension trust. Construction loans and the commercial mortgage came from Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust company of Chicago, and a consortium of east coast banks provided the residential mortgage for the towers, with mortgage insurance through the Federal Housing Administration. General Electric supplied a $2 million loan to cover the installation of all electric appliances.
Top: Aerial view showing the Marina City Site, 1960
Bottom: The site for Marina City in 1944, looking east along the Chicago River
16
When discussing the planning of Marina City with his mother-in-law. Lillian Florsheim, she summed it by saying "Oh, that's what we used to call living above the store!" However, zoning laws and the development of single-use zoning restrictions beginning in the 1920s had discouraged a free mingling of uses in new construction, particularly for residential projects. But for his high-rise residential development to succeed in the center city, Goldberg knew he had to provide "an exciting environment, a total environment, and also the price for living there had to be a bargain."
In The Politics of Place: A History of Zoning in Chicago, Joseph S. Schwieterman and Dana Caspall outline the difficulties involved in allowing Marina City to move forward as a mixed-use development on the chosen site. At the time of its purchase, the site for Marina City was zoned C-3, which prohibited residential development. The 1957 zoning ordinance, in anticipation of larger, more complex development in the city, allowed for projects of at least four acres to be zoned as a Planned Urban Development (PUD), a new classification that would allow for mixed uses on a single site. Although the Marina City property was only 3.1 acres, Ira Bach, Commissioner of the Chicago Planning Department, designated the property as a PUD district. With that designation in place, Marina City became the first planned urban development in the city of Chicago.
The Design Phase
As the deal for the site was finalized and zoning complications resolved, the design for Marina City continued to expand and evolve over the summer and fall of 1959. From the beginning, Goldberg envisioned the residential component of the complex as a pair of cylindrical high rises; this element was present in all of his schematic designs. Incorporating all of the other necessary functions of the development while maintaining a visually-cohesive whole proved to be more of a challenge.
The first scenario, developed in June 1959 under the name "Labor Center," showed two 40-story residential towers and one 10-story office building, all cylindrical high-rise buildings. By early October, a square theater auditorium had been added to the plans, and all four structures sat on an eight-story base that would house a small marina, commercial spaces, a bowling alley, offices, and parking. In the third plan for the complex, the office building had been redesigned as a rectangular 10-story building, with a circular ramp that led to a parking deck on the roof. Relieved of the need for parking, the base had shrunk from eight stories to two. Although a fourth plan was briefly considered that brought back the eight-story base and eliminated the office building, by December 1959 the overall plan for the development was largely set. and included the two cylindrical residential towers, rectangular office building, theater building, and two-story base. In addition to the theater space, the project team anticipated leasing a variety of other specialized recreational spaces within the platform and lower levels of the office building, including a bowling alley, a health center with a swimming pool, a skating rink, and marina. Retail tenants would include a bank, grocery store, liquor store, drug store, barber shop, beauty salon, travel agency, flower shop, coffee bar, restaurants, and a copying service.
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Top left: Model of Marina city, 1960
Top right: Plan for the apartment towers, 1960
Bottom right: Site plan of Marina City, 1960
Goldberg knew he had to create an exciting, "total" environment that would make people want to live downtown. The two 60-story cylindrical concrete towers (resembling a flower in plan and corncobs in elevation) incorporated apartments, parking and other resident services but in a new expressive form that visually served to set the complex apart from other high-rise buildings.
The other elements of the complex—the theater, office building, and 2-story base— provided commercial, retail, and recreational facilities for residents. Everything a resident could need was all in one place.
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Building Marina City
Construction of Marina City officially began on Thanksgiving Day, November 22, 1960, with an elaborately orchestrated groundbreaking ceremony. Among those in attendance were McFetridge, Swibel, Goldberg, Mayor Richard J. Daley, new president of the BSEIU David Sullivan, Julian H. Zimmerman and John Waner from the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), and Cook County Board President Daniel Ryan. Newly-elected President John F. Kennedy spoke to the assembled crowd by phone from Palm Beach, and Chicago Archbishop Bernard J. Sheil performed a blessing. An oversized brochure given to everyone in attendance contained a message from William McFetridge calling Marina City "the translation of a daring plan into an exciting reality." But behind the excitement of the groundbreaking, there was still much to be done.
The complexity and pace of construction required much of the team of architects, engineers, and contractors tasked with building Marina City. At the head of the team was Bertrand Goldberg Associates (BGA). The core team of architects at the firm consisted of Goldberg, Ben Honda, Richard Ayliffe Binfield, Edward Center, and Albert Goers. Structural engineers at the firm in 1960 included Bert Weinberg, Eugene Yamamoto, and Frank Kornacker. In total, the office in 1960 employed 10-12 architects, eight structural engineers, and six electrical and mechanical engineers. Just one year earlier, before the Marina City commission, the entire staff of the firm had consisted of only eight to ten people.
BGA also consulted with several outside engineers and engineering firms during the design and construction process. First among these engineers were Fred Severud and Hannskarl Bandel of the New York-based Severud-Elstad-Krueger. Goldberg brought in Fred Severud early in the process for assistance on structural aspects of the design. Other firms were also brought in at various stages of the construction to handle specific issues, including Ralph Peck and Moran Proctor, Mueser & Rutledge of New York for foundation investigations and A. A. Fejfer for wind analysis.
General contractors for the project were James McHugh Construction Company and Brighton Construction Company. Marina City would be McHugh's first high-rise project—they were better known for their heavy industrial work. But the company had invaluable experience working with reinforced concrete curvilinear forms. Leigh Bronson was general superintendent for McHugh, Norbert Zapinski and Clarence Ekstrom were project engineers, and Howard Tribble was finishing superintendent.
Construction began on the residential towers at the end of 1960, with the goal to begin moving tenants into the buildings by late 1962. The caissons were poured first, then the central cylindrical cores of the towers. The core,for each tower acted as its chief load-bearing and wind-resisting element, and also housed the elevators, stairs, and mechanical systems. Finally, the floors, beams, and columns that made up the remaining structure of the building were poured. The pace at which the towers were erected was breathtaking—alternating daily between the east and west towers, workers were able to complete one floor per day, or one floor every other day for each tower. Several innovations helped the workers achieve this pace. The first was the Linden climbing tower crane, which had been developed in Denmark just a few years before, and
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Construction began on Marina city on November 22,1960 with an elaborate groundbreaking ceremony. The residential towers rose at an astonishing rate of one floor per day and drew crowds of spectators.
Top: Mayor Richard J. Daley (center) and Archbishop Bernard Sheil (far right) at the groundbreaking in 1960
Bottom right and left: The residential towers under construction, 1961
Construction on the office tower (above, 1962) and the theater building (left, ca. 1966) continued through the mid-1960s, with the saddle-shaped theater, the last element in the complex, completed in 1967.
was designed to be hydraulically raised to follow the construction. One crane was used in the construction of each tower. Less impressive innovations that were nonetheless critical to maintaining speed and efficiency during building were steel reinforcing mesh that was easier to set in place than typical steel reinforcing bars, and fiberglass concrete forms that were lightweight and reusable. These fiberglass molds were also used to create the concrete groin vaults, columns, and load-bearing north and south window walls of the office tower.
Although the towers were not finished until early 1963, the first tenants were able to move into the east tower in October 1962. Construction on the rest of the complex continued. Goldberg applied for the permit to build the office building in October of 1961, and the building was ready for occupancy by late 1964. Among the first and most prestigious tenants to move into the office building was the National Design Center. The National Design Center served as a showcase for the latest trends in interior design, and featured .exhibits of home furnishings, appliances, fabrics, and other products. The center leased the first four floors of the building, paying approximately $3 million for a ten-year lease.
While the residential towers, office building, and commercial spaces in the base building were largely complete by the mid-1960s, construction of the theater lagged behind. Initially, Goldberg designed the building as an entertainment center with multiple theater spaces that would attract a wide variety of live theater, while also serving as a presentation space for the office tenants, but finding a tenant for the space proved difficult. Goldberg had hoped that the Goodman Theater would be interested in moving to the building, but local television station WFLD took a lease on the theater and space within the office building. The steeply pitched saddleback roof was altered to accommodate the television studios, but the basic shape of the original design was retained for the version of the building that was built. The exterior sheet lead cladding from the original design was also retained, and helped to insulate the interior from street noise. The station began broadcasting from its studios in the theater in January 1966, but construction was not completed on the building until mid-1967.
Financing Marina City
As with the design and construction of the project, securing financing for Marina City was a complex process. In October 1959, two separate companies were formed to manage the construction of the project. The Marina City Building Corporation (MCBC), which handled the residential towers, and the North Marina City Building Corporation (NMCBC), which handled the rest of the complex. Both corporations were headed by McFetridge as president; Chicago Local 1 and Local 25 union leaders Ernest Anderson and Thomas J. Burke served as secretary and treasurer. McFetridge, Swibel, and Goldberg worked tirelessly to sell the project to its initial investors. McFetridge assured the Janitors' Union that the project would generate a seven-percent return on their investment and that they would have full equity once the mortgages were paid off. Even after the union authorized McFetridge to proceed with a feasibility study and paid the down payment on the land in December of 1959, the project team still had to convince the union membership of the value of the project. It was not until the union's annual convention in May I960 in New York, when McFetridge was replaced as president by David Sullivan, that
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the union's membership formally endorsed the project. Goldberg and Swibel traveled with McFetridge to the event, bringing with them a large scale model of Marina City.
Convincing the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to insure Marina City was also a challenge. Federal mortgage insurance, which was critical to the project, was only available for families, which the FHA defined as married couples with children. Since most of Marina City's tenants would not meet this definition, McFetridge, Goldberg, and Swibel worked closely with FHA's offices in Chicago and Washington D.C. to successfully change the agency's definition of "family" to include married couples without children and single individuals. With this groundbreaking policy shift in place, FHA commissioner Julian Zimmerman announced in June 1960 that the FHA would guarantee 90% of Marina City's residential mortgage component. It was the first FHA-insured downtown housing development and also the largest housing mortgage insurance the FHA had ever issued.
Project costs rose quickly between 1959 and 1960, from $21 million in August 1959 to $36 million by February 1960, and additional lenders were brought in. Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago provided construction loans for both the residential and non-residential phases of the project, as well as the long-term mortgage for the non-residential element, which was not insured by the FHA. A consortium of East Coast banks provided the residential mortgage for the towers. Swibel is said to have been the main orchestrator of these agreements. The remaining equity investment was divided among the BSEIU and some of its local unions, including Chicago's Local 1. To further ease the union's huge financial commitment (which would rise to $12 million by 1964), Swibel arranged a $2 million loan from General Electric for the installation of all electrical appliances throughout Marina City.
Despite the efforts of the project team to spread the costs around, as early as 1961 there were rumblings of discontent from the union. As the country dipped into a recession, members began to question the wisdom of investing union funds into a project that, if it failed, would leave no provisions for workers' welfare, and whose apartments would not even be within financial reach of most of the union's members. McFetridge was no longer president of the union but controlled all of the union's decision making regarding the Marina City project, an arrangement that deeply rankled the union's President David Sullivan and Jay Raskin, treasurer of the union's Pension Trust. Sullivan and Raskin mounted a campaign to convince the union to sell its interests in Marina City. They questioned not only the financial soundness of the project but also its place in the mission of the union. In June 1962, D. W. Martin of the United Housing Foundation (which was sponsoring the construction of Co-op City in the Bronx for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America at the time), wrote a letter to union stating "from the rent schedule, only the wealthy can afford to enjoy it [the apartments at Marina City]. I hope the day is not far off when your union will sponsor a cooperative within the means of your members and other wage earners." By 1962, when Fortune Magazine ran an article on Marina City titled, "The House That Janitors Built," it was becoming increasingly clear that much of the union membership did not really want to be in the real estate business.
At the BSEIU meeting in Los Angeles in May 1964, the issue came to a head and the decision was made for the organization to get out of Marina City. On July 12, 1964, the Chicago Tribune reported that the BSEIU, Local 32B, and the BSEIU pension trust had sold their combined two-
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The marketing of Marina City was unprecedented in its scale and scope, including full scale mockups of apartments and office suites installed in the BSEIU headquarters in Chicago. Goldberg's office produced dozens of different rendering and collages on different aspects of the project, along with marketing brochures for the towers and the commercial and retail spaces. Goldberg, Swibel, and McFetridge gave countless interviews and speeches to promote the project.
Top left: Marina marketing brochure; Top right: Edison Electric advertisement in Life magazine, December, 1961; Bottom: Marina City apartment model, 1961
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third interest to Swibel's Marina City Management Corporation (which was in charge of the rentals for the complex) for $2.6 million. As part of the purchase, Marina City Management Corporation assumed the mortgage on the residential towers. McFetridge remained president of the Marina City Building Corporation. Chicago-based Local 1, which remained loyal to McFetridge, retained its one-third interest in the project. The Tribune article added that "the dispute in Los Angeles centered on Sullivan's contention that the international union should be involved in low-cost housing for workers," instead of investing in real estate for profit alone.
Marketing and Public Reception of Marina City
Marketing and Publicity
From the moment the design was unveiled in September of 1959, the construction of Marina City garnered an enormous amount of public attention. This attention stemmed from both the marketing and publicity efforts of Bertrand Goldberg Associates, as well as from the novelty of the design and the sheer scope of the project. Bertrand Goldberg Associates was charged with providing most of the marketing materials for the project. The firm had to walk a fine line in selling the Marina City concept to investors and the public—living and working in the complex had to be presented as exciting and different, but familiar enough and a logical housing choice.
Along with the traditional models and architectural drawings presented to convey the design to the public and potential investors, Goldberg's office produced a series of renderings and collages, each focusing on various aspects of the complex and meant to appeal to different uses within it. These images ranged from painterly views from the river and across the plaza to dramatic expressionist renderings of the proposed theater space and drawings of the marina. The firm also produced handsomely designed brochures—one for the residential towers, and one for office space. Goldberg, Swibel, and McFetridge took any opportunity to .speak publicly about the project. Goldberg gave countless interviews and speeches, both before and after the buildings were completed, all highlighting the best features of the design.
Goldberg in particular was concerned about the public reception of the project. He told McFetridge in 1961, "We've designed this unusual plan and it's been accepted. We are moving on, but I'm scared to death. This has not been done before. I don't know how people will receive it. I don't know how it will be marketed." Goldberg and McFetridge decided to take the unusual step of creating full-size mock-ups of both the apartment and office spaces. The BSEIU spent $50,000 to create the mock-ups, which were installed in the union's offices on Randolph Street. Every detail of the spaces was included. Photographs of the skyline taken from helicopters flying at the level of the residential floors were blown up and installed outside of the mock-ups to show the spectacular views. Instead of furnishing the apartments with specially-designed furniture, Goldberg had Chicago department store Marshall Field & Company decorate the interiors, to show that everyday furnishing could work in the wedge-shaped rooms of the apartments. The mock-ups opened in January, and a special event for union members, bankers, and FHA commissioners was held to give them a first-hand look at the design up-close, and to reassure them of the soundness of the project as an investment. The demonstration garnered a warm reception from both the public and the investors.
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Much of the public interest in the project was also due to the audacity and newness of the design itself. The spectacle of the construction site drew throngs of "sidewalk superintendents" along Dearborn and State Streets. The rising forms of the residential towers were starkly mesmerizing to passersby and were visible from many vantage points in the central business district. Details of the project were rapturously reported in building trade and architectural journals as well as popular magazines and newspapers. Popular Science published an article on the complex in April of 1963, complete with a rendering of the site featuring cutouts that gave glimpses into the buildings' interiors and a detailed illustration of the Linden crane. Life Magazine included a dramatic nighttime photograph of the towers' concrete cores rising above the river in a 1962 article, calling Marina City "A daring design for living."
Another aspect of the public interest in the project revolved around the perception of Marina City as a socially-progressive model that was not only affordable but also accessible. The Janitors' union was integrated, and twenty-five per cent of the union's 275,000 members were African American. From the beginning, Marina City was touted as an integrated complex. When the Chicago Defender covered the groundbreaking in November 1960, the paper quoted William McFetridge enthusiastically declaring that the rental policies at Marina City would be "wide open." Other union leaders, including David Sullivan, confirmed that the union's policy of nondiscrimination would extend to Marina City. "You know our union's policy," Sullivan said, "We don't have any discrimination anywhere in the union."
Public Reception
Public excitement only increased as construction on the towers drew to a close in late 1962. By the time the east tower opened, the management company had received over 2,500 applications for apartments—more than twice the number of available units. Commercial leasing was also exceeding expectations, with high-profile early tenants including the National Design Center, Bertrand Goldberg Associates, and WCFL, a Top-40 radio station owned by the Chicago Federation of Labor, which occupied the top floor of the office building and the theater building. Hilton Hotels opened its first restaurant, cafe, and bar in the base of the building, and oil company Phillips 66 leased the marina.
Marina City, and the residential towers in particular, became a tourist attraction rivaling the city's great museums and cultural destinations. 12,000 people per month came through the model units after they opened. The management company began charging 25 cents per person for the tours, perhaps in an effort to stem the tide. So many tourists photographed the building that Holiday) magazine quipped, "In most parts of the world, you have to be talented, beautiful, or notorious to be pursued by "paparazzi.' At Marina City, all you have to do is live there." By 1964, the marketing of Marina City had become marketing with Marina City, as the complex became a symbol for Chicago as a thoroughly modern city. Images of the towers began appearing in advertisements for everything from cars to cigarettes. A December 1964 article in the Chicago Tribune called it, "Marina City Syndrome:"
More and more organizations are using the photographic twin towers when they require a symbol that says Chicago. ' Others use the towers for promotional settings because it is modern and exciting.
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CITIES OF AMERICA SERIES
By the mid-1960s, Marina City was appearing on magazine covers and in advertisements to symbolize Chicago as a thoroughly modern city.
Clockwise from top left: American Airlines advertisement, ca. 1965; L'industria Ital-iana del Cemento vol. 39, Feb. 1969; General Electric 1964 Annual Report
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i
In Rne Whiskey...
FLEISCH MANNS is the BIG buy!
Clockwise from top left: Fleischmann's Whiskey ad, ca. 1966; Chicago Sunday Magazine May 1,1966; Pan Am advertisement ca. 1966
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This image of the buildings still resonates with artists and designers and the general public.
After Marina City opened, the unbridled excitement for the project was somewhat tempered by issues of race and social mobility. When the union sold its stake in Marina City and Swibel took over as the majority owner of the project, the twin ideals of affordability and accessibility that had been a large part of Marina City's story became victims of the financial success for the project. Although the rents never rose to the level of the luxury high rises along the Gold Coast, rents for all units in Marina City were raised substantially almost immediately after opening, even though union workers had complained that the first rent schedules were beyond the reach of working class people. The median income of Marina City residents in 1967 was between $12,000 and $13,000 a year. The national mean was $8,801.
The other major social mandate of Marina City, its accessibility to all races, also failed to live up to the expectations given at the beginning of the project. Even positive articles from the black press could not hide the fact that Marina City was far from fully integrated. In November 1964, Ebony magazine ran a lengthy, glossy pictorial spread entitled "Life in the Round." The article included beautiful, evocative images of every aspect of project, following two African American tenants through their days in the complex. However, the article pointed out, of the 896 units, only six were occupied by black tenants, who were often mistaken for maintenance workers by white residents. Albert Gaskin, a real estate broker who moved to Marina City when he could not find integrated housing in Evanston or on the north side of Chicago, recounted an incident with one of his neighbors in the laundry room: "Spotting him, the lady said: 'Oh, you have a lot of machines to take care of, don't you?' T don't work here,' Gaskin replied. T live here."
Replicating the Model and the Legacy of Marina City
From the beginning, McFetridge, Swibel, and Goldberg envisioned Chicago's Marina City as a model development that would be replicated in cities across the country by the BSEIU. In I960, New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller invited the union to build a development like Marina City in New York. That plan was never realized. In 1962, the trio partnered with Park City Corporation Denver, a consortium of banks, to draw up plans for Marina City Denver. The mixed-use development, which was never built, proposed 600 apartments, a 350-room hotel, and 200,000 square feet of office space. Marina City Detroit, which also never made it past the planning stages, was contemplated for over four years. Renderings for this complex, dated March 1967, bear a striking resemblance to Goldberg's design for the Raymond Hilliard Homes in Chicago.
Goldberg attempted to expand on the ideas of Marina City in his subsequent ambitious plans for River City, located just south of the Loop in Chicago. Planning for the project began in the early 1970s and centered on a sea of 72-story apartment towers grouped in triads (groups of three). Unlike Marina City, which had focused on single and childless married couples, River City was to include all families. In addition to commercial and office spaces, the development was to include schools and support spaces for the children living in the complex. The plan was considerably downsized and modified over a ten year period, and was finally constructed as River City II, an S-shaped mid-rise housing complex hugging the river between Harrison Street and Roosevelt Road. In addition to housing, the complex offered 250.000 square feet of office space,
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shopping and dining, a conference center, a health club, educational facilities, a private park, and a 70-boat marina. The project was Goldberg's last mixed-use design that utilized the "city in a city" concept.
Following Marina City, other architects designed mixed-use residential developments in Chicago through the 1960s and 1970s, but none utilized Goldberg's concept of a dense cluster of interrelated but separate structures working together. Instead, these subsequent developments fell into one of two categories—multiple uses contained within a single "mega-structure" such as Lake Point Tower (Schipporeit-Heinrich; Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, associate architects, 1965-1968), John Hancock Center (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 1965-1970), and Water Tower Place (Loebl, Schlossman & Hackl,1976); or urban renewal projects developed over large, landscaped lots, most notably seen on the Near North Side in Carl Sandburg Village (Louis R. Solomon and John D. Cordwell & Associates, 1960-1975).
In 1977, Marina City Management Corporation converted the residential towers from rental apartments to condominiums, separating the residential and commercial elements of the complex. Charles Swibel retained control of the commercial properties on the site until the early 1980s, selling the holdings to out-of-state investors who allowed the buildings to slide into disrepair. The commercial owners defaulted on the mortgage and filed for bankruptcy in the early 1990s. In 1994, the complex's commercial properties—including the theater, office building, retail spaces, and parking garages within the residential towers—were sold to John Marks for $3.35 million. Soon after, Marks began a renovation of the commercial spaces that included the conversion of the office tower into a hotel and the theater to a live entertainment venue. A restaurant space was also built over the original skating rink in the plaza to house the Smith & Wollensky steak house.
The Architecture of Marina City
Physical Description
The Marina City complex consists of five interconnected but distinct components—two identical 60-story cylindrical residential towers, a saddle-shaped theater, and a 10-story commercial building, all of which are set on a four-story base with a marina fronting onto the river. With the exception of the theater, which was built with a steel truss structure and covered completely with lead shingles, all of the structures in the complex are cast-in-place reinforced concrete construction.
Residential Towers
The residential towers, with their distinctive shape and rhythmic pattern of curved concrete balconies, are the focal points and the most iconic elements of the complex. When completed, Marina City's apartment towers were the tallest reinforced concrete structures in the world and the tallest apartment buildings in the world. The west tower sits at the southwest corner of the lot, and the east tower is set slightly back along the eastern edge of the lot near State Street. This staggered placement maximized views of the river and the lake. The base of each tower consists of a sweeping helical parking ramp, which occupies the first 19 floors. The twentieth floor, which separates the parking and apartments (both architecturally and functionally) features
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Marina City, completed, was a model for reinvestment and revitalization in downtown Chicago. Although it remained an anomaly for decades, its success as a dense high-rise residential development anticipated the later transformation of downtown Chicago from a nine-to-five business district to a thriving and bustling residential and commercial community.
Clockwise from top left, all dating to ca. 1968: ice skating rink at Marina City; Marina City theater (east side); office building at Marina City, and the boat slips on the Chicago River.
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floor-to-ceiling windows that clearly show the building's central core, and houses laundry and storage facilities. The top 40 floors of both buildings originally contained a combined 896 apartments (now condominium units) around the central core in a radiating pattern of sixteen outwardly flaring "petals." Although the towers are often referred to as "corncobs," Goldberg never embraced that comparison. He always referred to the plan for the towers as emulating the form of a tree, with the apartments extending like branches, or, more accurately perhaps, as a sunflower. Although Goldberg initially planned for the floors in the tower to be cantilevered from the core, with no supporting structure at the perimeter walls, the time and budget constraints of the project led engineer Fred Severud to veto the idea. As Goldberg recounted later, Severud told him "It might work, but you're doing so many things that are for the first time, save that for the second go-round." Goldberg relented, and concrete columns were added at the perimeter, so that only the semi-circular balconies are cantilevered. Floor-to-ceiling glass walls separate the apartment interiors and the outdoor balconies, so that the glass is deeply recessed from the undulating concrete exterior. The roofs of the towers are flat, with a central circular penthouse. Residents accessed the apartment towers from the four-story base, either by going through the lobby of the theater or through street level entrances on Dearborn and State Streets.
Office Building
The north end of the lot is occupied by a ten-story concrete and glass office building (now used as a hotel), constructed between 1962 and 1964, that rises high above the upper plaza level on concrete groin vaults supported by slender columns and extends east-west along the entire width of the complex. In addition to its obvious function, Goldberg designed the office building as a screen, a "backstop to the residential towers" that would "shelter the project from the undeveloped area lying to the north." The load-bearing screen walls that form the textured exterior skin of the office building feature narrow concrete mullions that were cast in place to serve as the frames for the building's windows. Beneath the office tower, a horizontal two-story block with a recessed glazed first floor and a monolith un-fenestrated second floor connect the office tower to the street and the site's continuous commercial platform.
Theater Building
The theater building, located between the west residential tower and the office building, comprises the fourth major component of Marina City and is perhaps the most visually unusual element of the complex. It was also the last structure to be constructed (completed in 1967), and Bertrand Goldberg Associates explored several iterations for the roof design before settling on the final design (largely the work of Hannskarl Bandel of Severud Associates) in 1965. The theater building as constructed is a large saddle-shaped structure with a glazed lobby below. Two wing-shaped concrete side walls connected by a system of steel trusses support the concrete shell roof, which rises to 114 feet on the east side and 74 feet on the west side. The entire surface of the structure is comprised of curved or rounded forms, and the roof and walls (with the exception of the three glazed walls of the lobby) are covered in lead panels, which were installed to deaden the sound of rain, hail, and street-traffic. A rounded cast concrete eave line highlights the sweeping shape of the roof.
Commercial Platform
Surrounding and connecting the residential towers, office building, and theater is Marina City's multi-level commercial platform, which covers the entire site. This structure, of typical column-
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Marina City, view to the northwest, 2012
and-slab reinforced concrete construction, is architecturally straightforward but functionally and programmatically the most intricate part of the complex. The one-story rectangular block houses restaurants and retail and commercial spaces along the main corridor, in addition to all of the mechanical systems. Above this level is an open concrete plaza. The original open, sunken ice skating rink at the southeast comer of the plaza was supplanted in the 1990s by a one-story structure housing a restaurant. Below the commercial platform is the boat marina that gave Marina City its name. Boats dock between the narrow piers that support the platform above. To take advantage of the river views, the entire south wall of the platform is glazed.
Marina City and Expressionist Modern Architecture
Stylistically, Marina City—in particular the designs of the residential towers and theater building—is an impressive and captivating example of the Expressionist Style within the Modem Movement in architecture, and a powerful response to the glass-and-steel International-Style high rises influenced by architect Mies van der Rohe and commissioned by large corporations and the government from the 1950s through the 1970s. Goldberg, along with other Expressionist architects of the period, rejected the "modular uniformity" of these Miesian designs, and instead sought to design "humanistic spaces—spaces that attract the eye, spaces that have a message to people for usage or for physical experience."
Expressionists clung to the idea that architecture was a powerful art form with the capacity to express its human function, elicit emotion, or to be symbol. Typical features of Expressionism in modern architecture are sweeping, curved wall surfaces. Because of the emphasis on curved forms, Expressionist buildings were frequently built with concrete because of its ability to take on a curvilinear shape. And in comparison to steel framed structures. Expressionist concrete buildings fused the structure and exterior form of the building into a single element, creating an economy of means that appealed to modernists.
Given the emotive quality of Expressionism, churches were frequent patrons of the style. An early example is Le Corbusier's Notre-Dame-du-Haut (1950-54). This small chapel in Ron-champ, France features a concrete roof with dramatically upturned edges, an oval shaped belfry, and concave walls all executed in concrete. In Mexico, Felix Candela designed the Church of the Miraculous Virgin in Mexico City (1954) which employed hyperbolic parabaloids, or warped planar surfaces. These same surfaces were employed in the design of the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (1967-71) in San Francisco which was designed by a team which included the Italian engineer Pier Luigi Nervi, a master of concrete structures who also designed the domed Palazzo dello Sport (1957) in Rome using pre-cast concrete ribs and buttresses.
In America, Frank Lloyd Wright was an early pioneer of cast-concrete architecture in his 1904 design of Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois. However, he truly exploited the expressive potential of concrete in his design for the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (designed in 1945, built 1956-59) in New York. Eero Saarinen is regarded as the leader in manipulating the expressive possibilities of concrete. His TWA Terminal (1952-62) at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York is perhaps the most aesthetically and technologically advanced example of Expressionism. He followed this with the Dulles International Airport Terminal in Washington, D.C., which has
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a concrete roof shape resembling a wing. At MIT in Cambridge. Massachusetts, he designed the Kresge Auditorium with a thin-shell concrete roof shaped as section of a sphere that appears to rest on two points.
Marina City's twin residential towers are among the most well-known Expressionist structures in the country. The helical parking garages at the base of the buildings recall the interior galleries in Wright's Guggenheim Museum, while the rhythmic, organic undulation of the rounded balconies mimic patterns found in nature. Although not as exaggerated as the extreme forms of other Expressionist designs, the towers exhibit a unique sculptural quality.
Marina City's theater building, described by Carl Condit as "a grotesque lead-sheathed enclosure, looking very much like an inflated whale carcass" that was nonetheless "as novel as that of the towers themselves," is in league with many of the more daring and sculptural examples of Expressionism built during the post-war period. The theater, with its sweeping saddleback roof and sculptural form, calls to mind the bold, plastic shapes of the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (1967-71), designed by Nervi and architect Pietro Belleschi, and the Church of the Miraculous Virgin in Mexico City (1954) designed by Felix Candela.
The complex's office building, with its rectangular massing and severely attenuated concrete columns along the north and south elevations, is not as stylistically daring as the designs for the towers and theater. However, the concrete groin vaults over the plaza level exhibit a sculptural quality that is in keeping with Expressionist tenets, and also recalls Neo-Formalist designs.
Although Marina City did exhibit many of the hallmarks of the Expressionist Style, Goldberg saw the use of concrete and non-rectilinear forms as a way to address most efficiently and economically the requirements of each building project. Goldberg was not designing to suit a particular style—rather, the forms of his buildings grew out of the distinct and individual needs and constraints of each component of the development. Architectural critic Marcus Whiffen noted that "however outwardly rhapsodic" Goldberg's' designs, including Marina City, may seem on the outside, they are "in essence rigorously controlled by engineering and cost factors."
In the design of the towers, Goldberg's use of the cylindrical form undoubtedly made for buildings that looked like no other high-rise apartments in the city—but just as important were the economic and structural advantages it afforded. The form allowed for the highest ratio of floor area to exterior skin, reduced wind loads and stresses on the building, and shortened the length of supply and return runs for the utilities. The central core of the building supplied a compact space to house elevators and stairs, and utilities, becoming "vertical streets" within the building. The petal-shaped plans of the apartments were designed to maximize a feeling of expanding space within very modest square footage.
This innovative cylindrical form was made possible only through the use of concrete as the main building material. Goldberg had attempted to create a circular design using steel framing before Marina City, and was disappointed in the limitations of the material. Using concrete allowed for a more efficient and cost-effective construction of the desired form. Goldberg estimated that the use of concrete over steel frame cut construction costs for the project as much as 10-15%.
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Stylistically, Marina City is an impressive example of the Expressionist Style within the Modern Movement in Architecture. Architects who designed in this style rejected the "modular uniformity" of glass and steel International Style buildings and instead sought to design "humanistic spaces that would elicit an emotional response."
Clockwise from top left: Le Corbusier's Notre-Dame-du Haut (1950-54) in Ron-champ, France; Felix Candela's Church of the Miraculous Virgin in Mexico City (1954); Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum in New York (1956-59); and Eero Saarinen's TWA Terminal (1952-62)
Function also influenced design in other elements of complex. The shape and materials of the theater building and the unusual allover lead cladding maximized sound quality on its interior. The rectangular shape and monolithic base of the office tower was meant to serve as a shield against an older industrial and warehouse district originally located north of the site. The relationship among the buildings also informed design decisions. For example, the height of the office building was determined not only by the amount of space needed for its financing, but also to ensure that the office did not rise above the garage levels of the adjacent residential towers, thus preventing residents and office workers from having to look directly out onto each other. The result of such considered design decisions is a complex that effectively differentiates from its varying functions, while allowing them to work together effectively as a whole.
Bertrand Goldberg After Marina City
Marina City thrust Goldberg onto the international stage. The scope of the project led to an expansion of Goldberg's practice known as Bertrand Goldberg Associates. The firm's next major project was the Raymond M. Hilliard Center (1966, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007) built for the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) to provide public housing for seniors and families with children. It is regarded as the CHA's most socially successful public housing, for which much is credited to Goldberg's design. Families were housed in a pair of twenty-two-story buildings which are curved slabs while the apartments for seniors were located in a pair of round towers with oval window openings. The round towers and curving slab high-rises at the Hilliard Center are supported by their exterior walls, which form rippling concrete load-bearing shells.
Goldberg was an intellectual who championed cities in general and Chicago in particular. He was preoccupied with ideas that would revitalize urban centers, something that he did so successfully at Marina City. He published articles in magazines and lectured on urbanism, arguing for dense, mixed-use projects that would combine commercial, residential, educational, recreational, and health uses. Goldberg's last built project is Wright College (1986-92) on Chicago's Northwest Side.
Throughout his career Goldberg's work was profiled in architectural publications domestically and internationally. His work has been the subject of exhibitions in the United States and Europe. More recently, he has been the subject of a major exhibition and publication produced by the Art Institute of Chicago, which was also the beneficiary of his collection of papers and drawings. Goldberg was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects in 1966, and was awarded the Officier de I'Ordre des Arts el des Lettres from the French government in 1985. Goldberg died in Chicago in 1997.
Criteria for Designation
According to the Municipal Code of Chicago (Sections 2-120-620 and -630), the Commission on Chicago Landmarks has the authority to make a preliminary recommendation of landmark designation for an area, district, place, building, structure, work of art, or other object within the
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Goldberg's design for Marina City, particularly the rhythmic and organic undulating forms of the apartment towers and the theater building, are among the best known Expressionist structures in the country.
Clockwise from top left: Garages of the two towers under construction, ca 1961; base of office building; detail of balconies on towers; east elevation of theater building
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City of Chicago if the Commission determines it meets two or more of the stated "criteria for designation," as well as possesses sufficient historic design integrity to convey its significance.
The following should be considered by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks in determining whether to recommend that Marina City be designated as a Chicago Landmark.
Criterion 1: Value as an Example of City, State or National Heritage
Its value as an example of the architectural, cultural, economic, historic, social, or other aspect of the heritage of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, or the United States.
Marina City is an icon of Chicago urban planning. This "city within a city," the first of its kind to layer residential, commercial, and entertainment uses into a dense high rise complex in the center city, was the most ambitious and forward-thinking post-war urban renewal project in Chicago in an era defined by ambitious urban renewal projects.
Designed to primarily house middle-income singles or childless married couples and as a model for reinvestment and revitalization of Chicago's downtown, Bertrand Goldberg's comprehensive vision for Marina City introduced new ideas about form and structure and novel solutions for living and working in an urban environment. Although Marina City remained an anomaly for decades, its success as a dense high-rise residential development anticipated the later transformation of downtown Chicago from a nine-to-five business district to a thriving and bustling residential and commercial community. The development's use of the Chicago River as an amenity was also years ahead of its time.
At the time of its construction, Marina City was the most ambitious and innovative real estate development in the city. The project was the first planned development project in Chicago, and the first and largest federally-insured downtown housing project in the country.
Marina City was the brainchild of William Lane McFetridge, president of the Building Service Employees International Union, and real estate developer Charles Swibel. McFetridge was one of the most influential labor leaders in the Midwest after World War II, and Swibel later rose to become head of the Chicago Housing Authority. Their idea to invest union funds into middle-income housing as a way to revitalize urban centers and create more jobs for members was a significant departure from other union-funded housing projects in the country, which were built to provide low-cost housing for members.
Criterion 4: Exemplary Architecture
Its exemplification of an architectural type or style distinguished by innovation, rarity, uniqueness, or overall quality of design, detail, materials, or craftsmanship.
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Marina City was the defining project of Goldberg's long career in architecture. After Marina City, Goldberg continued to design buildings across the country with his signature rounded forms.
In Chicago, notable examples of his work include the Raymond Hilliard Center, a CHA housing complex (top) completed in 1966, and River City II (bottom), a multi-use complex completed in 1986.
The residential towers, theater building, and office tower within the Marina City complex are all excellent and varied examples of the Expressionist style, a stylistic reaction against the rigidities of the International Style within the context of the modern movement in architecture during the second half of the twentieth century.
Marina City marks the first built example of Bertrand Goldberg's use of the cylindrical form, which would become a hallmark of many of his subsequent designs. Goldberg's design for the residential towers, which featured the repeated use of curving, petal-like shapes around a central cylindrical core, was unlike any design ever built in Chicago, and the buildings remain among the most distinctive structures in the city.
In his design for Marina City, Bertrand Goldberg pioneered the use of concrete in high-rise construction. Goldberg had attempted to create a cylindrical design using steel framing before Marina City, and was disappointed in the limitations of the material. Using concrete allowed for a more efficient and cost-effective construction of the desired form. When they were completed, the residential towers at Marina City were the tallest reinforced concrete structures in the world.
Marina City showcases Goldberg's ability to create evocative large-scale architecture that also addressed the constraints of the site and budget, the functions of each component of the development, and the needs of the people who would live and work in the complex. The cylindrical shape of the residential towers were visually striking, but also allowed for the highest ratio of floor area to exterior skin, reduced wind loads and stresses on the building, and shortened the length of supply and return runs for the utilities. The petal-shaped plans of the apartments were designed to maximize a feeling of expanding space within very modest square footage. The rounded shape and lead sheathing of the theater building were used to improve the acoustics of the interior, all while creating a "form that is novel as that of the towers."
The form, materials and siting of the individual buildings at Marina City were carefully designed so that the office, residential, entertainment and parking functions work together effectively as a whole.
Criterion 5: Work of Significant Architect or Designer
Its identification as the work of an architect, designer, engineer, or builder whose individual work is significant in the history or development of the City of Chicago, the State of Illinois, or the United States.
Bertrand Goldberg, the designer of Marina City, is a significant architect in the history of Chicago architecture, combining both technical brilliance and humanistic values in ways exemplified by his architectural designs. Marina City was Goldberg's first large-scale commission, and brought international attention to his firm.
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Goldberg possessed an exceptional understanding of materials and new building and design technologies, but also believed that these physical aspects of architecture must serve humanity; he was also an urbanist, but one who often found inspiration from structures found in nature. The fusion of these qualities led to Goldberg's highly individual buildings found in Chicago and across the nation, and is most completely exemplified in the Marina City complex.
Goldberg was one of the few Americans who studied at the Bauhaus, an influential avant-garde art and design school in Weimar-era Germany that flourished between the two world wars. Goldberg credited his time at the Bauhaus for his interest in the human and social aspects of design and his interest in mass-produced and prefabricated structures.
In 1966, Bertrand Goldberg designed the Raymond M. Hilliard Center for the Chicago Housing Authority. This complex is regarded as one of the most socially successful public housing projects in the nation, attributed largely to Goldberg's design, which successfully balanced community amenities and the individual needs of residents.
Criterion 6: Distinctive Theme as a District
Its representation of an architectural, cultural, economic, historic, social or other theme expressed through distinctive areas, districts, places, buildings, structures, works of art, or other objects that may or may not be contiguous.
Marina City was a bold response to the threat of suburbanization and disinvestment in Chicago's downtown in the decades following World War II. The complex served as a microcosm of urban life within five interconnected yet distinct structures, all contained within a single 3-acre lot within the city's center.
The structures within the Marina City complex were designed to sustain one another to create what Goldberg called the "24-hour city." The residential towers provided the captive population needed to support the retail, office, and entertainment buildings, while these same spaces made living downtown feasible for the complex's residents.
Criterion 7: Unique Visual Feature
Its unique location or distinctive visual appearance or presence representing an established and familiar visual feature of a neighborhood, community or the City of Chicago.
Nearly 50 years after its completion, Marina City remains an iconic presence in downtown Chicago. The residential towers, with their distinctive shape and rhythmic pattern of curved concrete balconies, are the focal points of the complex. The complex's location along the Chicago River only serves to heighten the visual impact of the towers
• Marina City—and the residential towers, in particular—has been featured in television
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Marina City at night, top photo circa 1967, bottom image circa 1965.
shows, films, advertisements, and album covers. As early as 1964, a Chicago Tribune article noted that Marina City had become a symbol for Chicago as a modern city, citing the use of its image in advertisement for everything from cars to cigarettes. This image of the buildings still resonates with many artists and designers, as well as the general public.
Integrity Criterion
The integrity of the proposed landmark must he preserved in light of its location, design, setting, materials, workmanship and ability to express its historic community, architecture or aesthetic value.
Marina City retains its historic location and setting along the north side of the Chicago River in in Chicago's Near North Side. The relation of the buildings in the complex to each other has remained essentially unaltered since its completion. The complex has benefitted from good stewardship over both the residential and commercial structures, and largely retains its overall historic design, use of materials and workmanship.
Most of the exterior alterations to Marina City have occurred to the commercial elements of the complex, and date from the 1990s remodeling. The most significant changes have taken place at the plaza level. The original skating rink at the southeast corner of the plaza was covered with a two-story restaurant building in 1998. A series of concrete ramps along State Street allow access to the new building. The glass-enclosed parking attendant structure at the south end of the plaza is also not original. In both the office building and the base building, most exterior alterations are limited to the storefronts, and are common and reversible. The base and piers of the office building have also been recently painted. Alterations to the theater building include the addition of two square towers to the north and south ends of the west facade, and the enclosure of the recessed, glazed, first-floor lobby. However, the overall historic exterior design of the buildings within the complex, as well as the relationship among these buildings, remains visible, legible and understandable, and the architect's original design intent remains clear. Marina City continues to express its historic architectural value.
Significant Historical & Architectural Features
Whenever a building, structure, object, or district is under consideration for landmark designation, the Commission on Chicago Landmarks is required to identify the "significant historical and architectural features" of the property. This is done to enable the owners and the public to understand which elements are considered most important to preserve the historical and architectural character of the proposed landmark.
Based upon its evaluation of Marina City, the Commission staff recommends that the significant features be identified as follows:
All exterior elevations, including rooflines, of Marina City's buildings including the exterior of the concourse level and marina visible from public rights-of-way and the Chicago River; and
the driveways and open plaza areas between the buildings.
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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Atcheson, Richard. "Marina City: Chicago's Pie in the Sky." Holiday, December 1963, pp. 24; 27-32.
Allen, J. Linn. "Buyer Plans Revival for Marina City." Chicago Tribune, November 12, 1994, p. 1.
Buck, Thomas. "Plan River Site Skyscraper." Chicago Daily Tribune, September 15, 1959, p. 1.
Calhoun, Lillian S. "Pledge 'No Race Bias' in Marina City: Break Ground for Near Loop Buildings." Chicago Daily Defender, November 23, 1960, p. 1.
"Charles R. Swibel, 63, Former CHA Chairman, Dies." Chicago Tribune, January 20, 1990, p. D5.
Chesley, Manly. "Leaders of Chicago Plan for Greater Central Area: Progress Report to Be Given to Daley." Chicago Daily Tribune, September 8, 1957, p. 5.
Condit, Carl. Chicago, 1930-70: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
"Design Center Leases 4 Floors in Marina City." Chicago Daily Tribune, , September 28, 1962, p. C6.
"FHA to Insure $17,819,100 Mortgage for Marina City." Chicago Daily Tribune, July 8, 1960, p. C7.
Fuller, Ernest. "Holds Near Loop Homes Market Big." Chicago Daily Tribune, April 23, 1959, p. D5.
Gavin, James M. "3-Tower Marina City to be Built in Denver." Chicago Daily Tribune, November 9, 1962, p. C6.
, James M. "Building Service Union Sells Marina City Control." Chicago Daily Tribune,
July 12, 1964, p. Dl.
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, James M. "Marina City Financing Completed." Chicago Daily Tribune, September 2, 1961, p. C5.
, James M. "Marina City Garages Let for 5 Million." Chicago Daily Tribune, August 24,
1961, p. D5.
, James M. "Marina City's Twin Towers Design Told." Chicago Daily Tribune, March 1,
1960, pB5.
, James M. "Start Marina City, World's Tallest Flats." Chicago Daily Tribune, November
23, 1960, p. 5.
Goldberg, Bertrand. "Chicago's Newest Miracle." Chicago Daily Tribune, April 30, 1961, p. B6.
, Bertrand. "The Critical Mass of Urbanism." Inland Architect, March-April 1984, p. 9-
10, 12,47.
, Bertrand. "Marina City Lecture: Part One." Presented by Bertrand Goldberg at the
seminar on "Architectural Aspects of the Edmonton Civic Centre Plan," September 27, 1959.
, Bertrand and Betty J. Blum. Oral History of Bertrand Goldberg. Chicago: Art Insti-
tute of Chicago, 1992.
, Bertrand website (www.bertrandgoldberg.org ).
, Bertrand Associates. River City I Model (photograph), c. 1969-1983, Unbuilt. Ber-
trand Goldberg Archives, Ryerson & Burnham Libraries, the Art Institute of Chicago.
, Bertrand Associates. River Park Project (rendering), March 1, 1967. Bertrand Gold-
berg Archive, Ryerson & Burnham Libraries, the Art Institute of Chicago.
, Zoe Ryan, and Alison Fisher. Bertrand Goldberg: Architecture of Invention. Chicago:
The Art Institute of Chicago, 2011.
Grossman, James R., Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff, ed. The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
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Hutchings, Harold. "Marina City Project Asked for New York: Gov. Rockefeller Urges Building." Chicago Daily Tribune, May 3, 1960, p. B3.
"Lead Armor Soundproofs New Arts Center." Engineering News-Record, September 21, 1967, pp. 82-3.
"Life in the Round." Ebony, November 1964, pp. 106-109; 112-116.
Liston, James M. "Marina City." Popular Science, April 1963, pp. 82-85; 194.
Loring, Kay. "Three Main Dining Rooms in Marina City's Complex." Chicago Daily Tribune, April 12, 1964, p. Ell.
Marina City website (www.marinacity.org ).
"Marina City, Chicago." Architectural Record, September 1963, pp. 193-216.
"Marina City: Outer-Space Image and Inner-Space Reality." Architectural Forum, April 1965, pp. 68-77.
"McFetridge is Dead at Age 75." Chicago Daily Tribune, March 16, 1969, p. 1.
"McFetridge Quits Unions." Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1967, p. 1.
"McFetridge, William Lane." Marquis' Who's Who (biography retrieved from www.marquiswhoswho.com March 27, 2015).
Marjanovic, Igor, and Katerina Riiedi. Marina City: Bertrand Goldberg's Urban Vision. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010.
Mohan, Margaret. "Marina—A Stacked Suburb." Chicago Daily Tribune, October 25, 1964, p. Nl.
Moore, Ruth. "Marina City Apartment Plan Told." Chicago Sun-Times, November 25, 1961.
"More Building Near Center of City is Advised: Outward Growth Called Loss to Chicago." Chicago Daily Tribune, November 27, 1946, p. 31.
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Ragon, Michel. Goldberg, Dans La Ville /In the City. Paris: Paris Art Center, 1985.
Randall, Frank A. and John D. Randall. History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Schwieterman, Joseph S. and Dana Caspall. The Politics of Place: A History of Zoning in Chicago. Chicago: Lake Claremont Press, 2006.
Sheppard, Nathaniel Jr. "Chicago Housing Chief, Under Fire, Quits as Agency is Reorganized." New York Times, July 9, 1992.
Smart, Ted. "Marina City Gets Bad News—Taxes Going Up." American, May 14, 1964.
Smith, James. "Marina City in Ads Is Chicago." Chicago Daily Tribune, December 8, 1964, p. C6.
Whiffen, Marcus and Frederick Koeper. American Architecture Volume 2: 1860-1976. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1984.
"New Leaders for the New Chicago." Chicago Daily Tribune, September 11, 1957, p. 20.
"Up, Up and Up in Busy Chicago." Life, Volume 52, No. 8, February 23, 1962, pp. 28-37.
Wood, Percy. "$288,100,000 Ft. Dearborn Project Approved in Revised Form." Chicago Daily Tribune, July 22, 1955, p. 2.
Ziemba, Stanley. "Marina City's Commercial Area to be Auctioned." Chicago Tribune, November 3, 1988, p. 1.
Zullo, Joseph. "Study Plans to Build More Marina Cities." Chicago Daily Tribune, May 4, 1960, p. A10.
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Illustrations
Bertrand Goldberg.org : pp. 13 (top, right, and bottom); 42 (all)
Marina City web site (www.marinacity.org ): cover, pp. 7 (bottom), 11 (top), 16 (all ), 20 (top), 21 (top); 24 (all); 32( top left, bottom left and right), 44, 46 (bottom).
Ryerson and Burnham Archives: Archival Image Collection for Marina City: pp. 11
(bottom); 18 (all); 20 (bottom right and left); 21 (bottom); 28 (all), 29 (top right), 32 (top right), 40 (all), 46.
P. 7 (top): on-our-presentday-problems
P. 10: www.seiu.org/a/ourunion/seiu-history.php (top); Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University, ! 1878 (left and right)
P. 26 (all): Ebony Magazine, November 1964.
P. 29, bottom right: p/
P. 34:
P 36 (all): Emily Ramsey, Ramsey Historic Consultants, May 2015
P. 38, top left: sysId=13&IrisObjectId=5147&sysLanguage=en-en&itemPos=3&itemCount=5&sysParentName=Home&sysParentId=l 1
P. 38, top right: (3)jpg
P. 38, center: l/10/guggenheim-8.jpg P. 38, bottom
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CITY OF CHICAGO
Rahm Emanuel, Mayor
Department of Planning and Development
Andrew J. Mooney, Commissioner
Patricia A. Scudiero, Managing Deputy Commissioner, Bureau of Zoning and Land Use Eleanor Esser Gorski, Director of Historic Preservation, Historic Preservation Division
Project Staff
Andrea Terry, Bauer Latoza Studio (consultants), editing Jillian DeCoursey, Bauer Latoza Studio (consultants), layout
Emily Ramsey, Ramsey Historic Consultants (consultants), research, photography, writing Lara Ramsey, Ramsey Historic Consultants (consultants), research, photography, writing Vicki Granacki, Granacki Historic Consultants (consultants), editing Matt Crawford, editing Eleanor Esser Gorski, editing Bethany Claus Widick (intern), editing
The Commission on Chicago Landmarks, whose nine members are appointed by the Mayor and City Council, was established in 1968 by city ordinance. The Commission is responsible for recommending to the City Council that individual building, sites, objects, or entire districts be designated as Chicago Landmarks, which protects them by law. The Commission is staffed by the Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Historic Preservation Division, City Hall, 121 North LaSalle Street. Room 1101, Chicago, II, 60602; (312-744-3200) phone; (312-744-9140) fax, web site: www.city ofchicago org/landmarks
This Preliminary Summary of Information is subject to possible revision and amendment during the designation process. Only language contained within the final landmark designation ordinance as approved by City Council should be regarded as final.
Exhibit C
Department of Planning and Development city of chicago
August 6, 2015 Report to the Commission on Chicago Landmarks
on
Marina City 300-340 N. State St. (evens); 301-351 N. Dearborn St. (odds)
The Department of Planning and Development finds that the proposed designation of Marina City as a Chicago Landmark District supports the City's overall planning goals for the surrounding Central Area of Chicago and is consistent with the City's governing policies and plans.
Marina City, designed by Chicago architect Bertrand Goldberg and constructed between 1960 and 1967, is an icon of Chicago architecture and urban planning. This "city within a city," the first of its kind to layer residential, commercial, and entertainment uses into a dense high rise complex in the center city, was the most ambitious and forward-thinking post-war urban renewal project in Chicago in an era defined by ambitious urban renewal projects. Commissioned by a janitor's trade union, designed by a visionary architect, blessed by the country's most powerful mayor, and ultimately controlled by one of Chicago's most influential power brokers, Marina City exemplifies the complexity inherent in large-scale urban endeavors in the post-war era. Stylistically, Marina City is an impressive and captivating example of the Expressionist Style within the Modern Movement, and a powerful response to the glass-and-steel International-Style high rises influenced by architect Mies van der Rohe.
The District occupies an approximately 3-acre site located on the north bank of the Chicago River and bounded by State and Dearborn Streets. In 1961 the District was zoned as a Planned Development (PD 13). This early and innovative Planned Development accommodates a very broad range of permitted uses, including: multi-family residential dwelling units, off-street parking, hotel, business and professional offices, retail and commercial services, banking uses, day-care centers, restaurants and live entertainment venues, and a marina. The wide range of uses permitted under the Planned Development reflects the design intention that Marina City be a complete "city within the city."
121 NORTH LASALLE STREET, ROOM 1000, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60602
Marina City is located in the Near North Side Community Area within the larger Central Area of Chicago, an area of the City that has been the subject of several planning efforts. In 1958, the City adopted the Development Plan for the Central Area of Chicago, a comprehensive and ambitious plan that focused on the city's central business district and lakefront as the keys to Chicago's future economic stability. When the Planned Development for Marina City was approved in 1961 it was regarded as conforming to and furthering the goals of the City's 1958 plan. In 2003 the City adopted the Central Area Plan which recommended protection and preservation the most significant historic buildings and districts through landmark designation and economic incentives. Similarly, in 2009 the City adopted the Central Area Action Plan which also recommended historic preservation to preserving the character of the Central Area. Designation of Marina City is consistent with these planning initiatives.
The Department supports the designation of Marina City as a Chicago Landmark District. Preserving districts such as this provides many long-term benefits to the City. Landmark designation encourages the preservation and rehabilitation through a range of incentives. It serves as a model for sustainable development by retaining existing buildings and adapting them to modern conditions. Preservation of Chicago's architectural heritage attracts tourists and new residents as well as contributes to the quality of life for Chicago citizens.
In conclusion, landmark designation of Marina City supports the City's overall planning goals for the Central Area and is consistent with the City's governing policies and plans.